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The transition of young people from education into employment between the ages of 16 and 25 is always a challenging one. The [COVID-19] pandemic has once again had a disproportionate impact on young people - both through disruption to education, and the oversized damage to the retail and hospitality industries that often act as a critical bridge for young people into employment. This has placed further emphasis on essential skills and their critical importance to supporting an effective transition into the world of work - a relevance increasingly echoed by both educators and employers. While there is some evidence that essential skills support effective transitions and workplace progression, the emergence of the Skills Builder Universal Framework as a shared approach to defining essential skills and quantifying progress provides a new opportunity. This research sets out to use new data gathered with YouGov to explore three questions: (1) Who has essential skills, and how does this vary by socio-economic background? (2) How young people build essential skills, and what are their attitudes to them? (3) What is the impact of essential skills on earnings and qualifications level?

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In May 2018 Teach First, a social enterprise which aims to address educational disadvantage in England and Wales, commissioned Education and Employers Research, London to undertake research into career-related learning (CRL) in primary schools. The term 'career-related learning' comprises of early childhood activities in primary schools designed to give children from an early age a wide range of experiences of and exposure to education, transitions and the world of work. The main purpose was to scope Teach First's future work on potential programmes in primary schools. This would complement existing arrangements already in place for the Careers and Employability Leadership Programme (CELP) in postprimary schools. Three research questions were examined: What is the taxonomy of teacher roles within a primary context with regards to CRL? What does success look like for a programme of career-related activities in the primary school setting? What does good/interesting careers provision look like in a primary school setting? The research involved an international literature review, including contributions from 12 OECD countries (Austria, Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Netherlands, South Africa, Wales, United States), a qualitative online survey of primary schools complemented by in-depth case studies of good/interesting policies and practices, and an expert panel discussion. The findings within this report demonstrate the important role that senior leaders and teachers can play in embedding CRL in primary schools.

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This paper provides evidence of the benefits of career-related learning (CRL) for children in primary school. The term 'career-related learning' includes early childhood activities in primary schools designed to give children from an early age a wide range of experiences of, and exposure to, education, transitions and the world of work. The research compiles evidence on the career-related learning of primary aged children's decisions, aspirations and attitudes. In doing so this paper maps key actions being taken by primary schools to support children's transitions to secondary school and beyond. It considers how primary schools approach career-related learning and offers guidance on evidence-based practice. The paper draws evidence from academic and 'grey' literature (such as program evaluation reports and policy papers), and interviews with primary teachers and leading experts. It aims to clarify the impact that can be expected for children taking part in career-related learning activities. The paper highlights lessons that can be drawn from the existing evidence so that children and schools can be effectively supported when embarking on a program of career-related learning.

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Launched in 2014, Primary Futures was designed to provide UK schools with easy access to individuals willing to provide free voluntary support across a range of areas, including: (1) providing first-hand insight into jobs and careers, with many thousands of volunteers across the country identifying themselves as being able to speak with specific experience of being an apprentice, running their own enterprise, using mathematics or modern foreign languages at work, or working in the fields of science and technology; (2) being a potential reading or number partner; or (3) being willing to be considered as a school governor.

In this paper the authors discuss the impact, demand and implementation of employer engagement in primary education. They assess recent literature on the subject and find that while research into the impact of employer engagement activities on the learning and progression of children is limited, it suggests that employer engagement, if done correctly, can be positively associated with improved attainment, the development of non-cognitive skills demanded by 21st century employers and changed attitudes towards the world of work and the relationship between the classroom and the workplace.

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This paper focuses on how generic skills can be developed to enable young adults to best utilise them in making transitions into the labour market. Drawing on the literature and a Commercial Education Trust study of practices which encourage employer engagement in skills development, it is argued that 'putting skills to work' is not automatic or unproblematic. It is not simply a matter of 'skills transfer', but a 'continuous, contextually-embedded and transformative process' during which individuals, supported by partners, learn how to recontextualise skills to suit different activities and environments. It may be tempting to distil employability into a list of so-called 'soft skills', but context matters. It requires more than that which can be taught in Education. Support is needed in the workplace through mentoring, for example, to help recruits acquire knowledge of workplace culture, norms and practices, situational understanding, and apply metacognitive strategies for bringing together this knowledge and a range of different skills and personal attributes in productive application. Further research is needed to explore the inter-relationships between skills supply, demand and utilisation, including ways in which employers can better recognise young recruits' skills and provide 'expansive' working environments that maximise their capabilities and potential for development.

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This chapter looks at different systems of education and training around the world. It discusses a curious paradox. Although the world of work is deeply dependent on the skills that arise from learning, employers and other stakeholders from the world of work are often remarkably uninvolved in education in general, and even in vocational education and training systems. The chapter also looks at the origins of this unfortunate paradox, why it matters, and how it might be resolved. The challenges faced by vocational education are also a problem, in some ways an even bigger problem, for academic education. Education and training systems, unfortunately, are often happier in silos. Vocational programmes and qualifications too often ignore the study and wider skills that can prepare students for further learning. Labour market regulation has a big potential impact on the willingness of employers to engage with the education system, including the vocational training system.

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The volume from which this chapter is taken is available in VOCEDplus at TD/TNC 133.717. Show less

'Drawing the future', the biggest survey of its kind ever conducted, asked primary school children aged seven to eleven to draw a picture of the job they want to do when they grew up. Over 20,000 entries have been received from UK and Internationally. To ascertain the factors influencing career aspirations, the survey asked children their gender, ethnicity, favourite subject and if they knew anyone personally who did the job and, if not, why they had chosen the job. The survey has produced some significant findings, highlighting that children from an early age often have some sophisticated and thought through ideas about who they want to become when they grow up. The findings also show that from a young age children often stereotype jobs according to gender and their career choices are based on these assumptions with the majority of boys wanting to be sportsmen and girls wanting to be teachers. And the findings have implications for all of us seeking to improve social mobility: children's career aspirations are most influenced by who they know - their parents and friends of parents and the TV and media. Worryingly, less than 1 per cent of children have heard about the jobs through people from the world of work coming to their school. And the survey shows clearly for the first time that this is a global issue.

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Employability is a contentious issue, and there is no single definition in the context of higher education. The definition of employability as adopted by the UK's Enhancing Student Employability Co-ordination Team (ESECT) in 2005 has been widely accepted. The impact of such Government intervention has resulted in policy-driven strategies being pursued by universities that typically advocate an integrated approach for the enhancement of graduate employability. Definitions of employability as offered by those working at policy level resonate with widely accepted models. The size of the four stakeholder sample groups was carefully considered in order to generate an appropriate level of credible research material. Respondents from the four stakeholder groups agreed that universities do have some level of responsibility to prepare students in terms of graduate employability. An individual working at policy level also highlighted that placements and work experience were beneficial to students in terms of developing their employability.

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The volume from which this chapter is taken is available in VOCEDplus at TD/TNC 133.717. Show less

Guest speakers are one key lever among many that schools use to inspire young people about possible futures and what it might take to reach them, as well as broaden students' horizons to see the world outside of their classroom and local community. This report draws on surveys of state schools and colleges from the networks of Education and Employers and Speakers for Schools, surveys with their students, and an interview program with independent schools to understand why teachers who invite guest speakers to give talks keep doing it, how teachers source speakers and run the talks, and how talks relate to changes in attitudes in young people. The research found: (1) the vast majority of young people are positive about the benefits from talks; (2) young people were particularly positive about the talks having helped them understand that everyone had to overcome setbacks; (3) a program of talks can also reduce the number of students feeling their background holds them back, from a significant minority to barely a handful and; (4) 'Free School Meal' (FSM) students typically benefitted more than non-FSM students, positioning talks as an effective tool particularly in schools with higher disadvantage.

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This report, published with support from Lifeskills created with Barclays, sets out findings from a survey of 1,744 young British adults aged 19-24. The survey undertaken on behalf of Education and Employers by YouGov investigates the experiences of respondents as they engage in transitions which take them from education towards the working world. The focus of the report is on work related activities commonly undertaken by schools and colleges to help prepare them for such transitions, relating specifically to employer engagement in education. The report sets out the recollections of these young adults on actions taken by educational institutions to prepare them for the working world; their perceptions of the quality of their experiences; where they feel greater preparation would have been valued; and, using statistical regression analysis, what it was that schools and colleges did which actually helped with those transitions.

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