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In the face of increasing costs and lackluster outcomes, traditional higher education is under increasing pressure to prove its value proposition. Meanwhile, new providers have 'unbundled' the components of a postsecondary degree or certificate, offering stand-alone courses or sequences of courses, targeted job training, and assessments and certifications, often at much lower cost than existing institutions. These models cannot deliver all of what a traditional college or university does, but they can provide affordable, flexible, and customizable opportunities to learn. As unbundling in higher education has accelerated, reformers have asked whether there is a role for federal aid dollars to play in facilitating access to these new opportunities. This, in turn, has raised questions as to whether the traditional approaches to regulating postsecondary education at the state and federal level are well suited to this new ecosystem.

That the existing quality assurance system is ill-designed for this new world is abundantly clear. Less clear, however, is what should replace it. Simply lowering barriers to entry such that federal money can flow to a much wider array of providers would invite waste, fraud, and abuse. Thus, this policy brief outlines potential regulatory approaches and tools - many of which would work well in combination - that policymakers could use to facilitate access to this unbundled market while protecting consumers and taxpayers.

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The higher education system in England is changing at an unprecedented rate. This report considers what kind of quality assurance system is going to be fit for this more complex new world of expanding higher education. Quality assurance does, and should, sit within a broader framework for regulation of providers. The authors have set out recommendations for the future of the quality assurance system in England.

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Since the late 1980s student charges have helped finance higher education. While what universities can charge domestic undergraduate students at public universities is capped, one in every three students enrols in courses where fees are uncapped. This report examines the dynamics of deregulated university markets. It focuses on the undergraduate international and the postgraduate student markets. Together they enrolled more than 400,000 students in 2014.

The report is structured as follows. Chapter 2 looks at the undergraduate international student market at universities. It suggests that universities take a commercial view of the international student market, and set fees in-line with their international competitors. Chapter 3 investigates the postgraduate student market. Nearly 60 per cent of domestic students pay fees, while the rest are Commonwealth-supported. For domestic students, universities do not always take a commercial approach. In some fields, such as nursing, it is not unusual for universities to receive less from a fee-paying student than a Commonwealth supported place. When international and domestic fee-paying students are enrolled in the same course, domestic students never pay more than international students. Chapter 4 reports on the revenue that deregulated markets provide Australian universities. In 2013, universities received nearly $6 billion from fee-paying students - triple the revenue in 2000 in real terms. As a share of total university revenue, fee income has also grown. In 2013, one in every five dollars earned by public universities came from fee-paying students.

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This brief explores the potential impact on the time students take to repay their tuition loans of changes proposed by the Australian Government in its May 2014 budget to the funding and operations of the Australian higher education sector. The key results of the analysis are: (1) total loan repayments vary substantially across the graduate income distribution, increasing by more than double the higher tuition charges for about 20 per cent of graduates, since these graduates take a long time to repay the debt; (2) the additional time taken to repay tuition loans also varies substantially across the graduate income distribution, increasing most at incomes a little above the first repayment threshold; across the graduate income distribution, repayment periods are typically about double under the new arrangements studied compared with existing arrangements, if repayments are made at all; (3) loan default will increase; an increased proportion of individuals will never repay their tuition loans; the proportion who never repays anything will not change much, but the proportion making only partial payments will increase, especially among female graduates; (4) even in the absence of any increase in fees from university fee deregulation, the package of other measures results in an increase in the time to repay loans of over 10 years for some groups of graduates; increases in fees of the magnitudes envisaged here as part of the fee deregulation element of the package increase the additional time to repayment beyond 15 years for some individuals; and (5) variations to the base case or analysis of specific groups do not result in qualitatively different results - typically, the average years required to repay the loan approximately doubles under variations to the new arrangements.

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Amid growing concerns about the quality and cost of American higher education, policymakers are searching for reforms that can both increase the supply of affordable and effective postsecondary options and maintain consumer protection. Much of the focus has tended toward the federal student aid programs and policies that govern access to those programs. Though states play an important role in authorizing postsecondary institutions to operate in their state, observers have paid comparatively less attention to how they carry out that responsibility. This paper aims to present lessons for regulatory reform by examining how states organize their authorization process.

The paper concludes by recommending a better way for states to authorize postsecondary institutions: a risk-based approach, in which state authorizers would focus their resources on cases that pose the most risk to consumers. Authorizers could set up oversight boards independent of the political process and the existing higher education system in the state, require new entrants to provide basic documentation to establish a minimum level of seriousness, and have a well-designed set of consumer protections to weed out poorly structured or fraudulent institutions. In particular, states could require organizations to put up private capital as insurance against failure, which would also help to separate serious providers from diploma mills.

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There has been a speedy increase in the number of higher education providers, including private higher education institutions in the Philippines. This proliferation of providers and institutional types has given rise to a need to address the issues of skills and relevance in the Philippines. The World Bank (2012) has reported on a significant gap between the skills needs of employers and the levels of skills produced by higher education institutions (HEIs) in the Philippines. How does the Philippines manage the increased demand for higher education to provide skills needed to develop the society and the economy? This article analyses the expansion of higher education globally and in the Philippines, in particular, and its impact on skills production. [The authors] argue the case for the proper regulation of the higher education system, in general, and private higher education, in particular, to deliver the relevant skills needed for the economic development and global competitiveness of the Philippines.

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The agencies responsible for tertiary education quality assurance in Australia and New Zealand have established regulatory regimes that increasingly intersect with tertiary institution policy management. An examination of university meta-policies identified good practices guiding university policy and policy management. Most Australian and half of New Zealand universities have developed meta-policy, or policy on policy, with the most comprehensive articulating policy definitions, range and application of policy instruments, categorisation, approval authorities and policy cycle stages. Sound meta-policy provides an essential framework for good policy-making, and is the key to the development of positive policy outcomes. Increasing tertiary sector regulation provides a contemporary imperative to embrace university meta-policy as one mechanism to embed good practice policy process to facilitate these improved policy outcomes.

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The 'Standards and guidelines for quality assurance in the European Higher Education Area (ESG)' were adopted by the Ministers responsible for higher education in 2005 following a proposal prepared by the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA) in co-operation with the European Students' Union (ESU), the European Association of Institutions in Higher Education (EURASHE) and the European University Association (EUA). Since 2005, considerable progress has been made in quality assurance as well as in other Bologna action lines such as qualification frameworks, recognition and the promotion of the use of learning outcomes, all these contributing to a paradigm shift towards student-centred learning and teaching. Given this changing context, in 2012 the Ministerial Communique invited the E4 Group (ENQA, ESU, EUA, EURASHE) in cooperation with Education International (EI), BUSINESSEUROPE and the European Quality Assurance Register for Higher Education (EQAR) to prepare an initial proposal for a revised ESG 'to improve their clarity, applicability and usefulness, including their scope'.

The revision included several consultation rounds involving both the key stakeholder organisations and ministries. The many comments, proposals and recommendations received have been carefully analysed and taken very seriously by the Steering Group (SG). They are reflected in the resulting version of the ESG. Moreover this version also reflects a consensus among all the organisations involved on how to take forward quality assurance in the European Higher Education Area and, as such, provides a firm basis for successful implementation. The ESG are used by institutions and quality assurance agencies as a reference document for internal and external quality assurance systems in higher education. Moreover, they are used by the European Quality Assurance Register (EQAR), which is responsible for the register of quality assurance agencies that comply with the ESG.

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This paper explains how (Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency) TEQSA's risk-based approach to assuring higher education standards is applied in broad terms to a diverse sector. This explanation is consistent with the revised processes developed by TEQSA in close consultation with the sector over 2013-14. The paper has been developed based on a dialogue between TEQSA and registered higher education providers through their peak bodies. It depicts how TEQSA's risk-based approach to assurance of quality standards is applied in practice to the sector and aims to facilitate a shared understanding of how TEQSA takes into account relevant organisational characteristics. This paper is in three parts, together with an appendix. 'Part one: TEQSA'S overall approach' outlines TEQSA's approach to assuring quality standards, by being satisfied that providers meet and are likely to continue to meet the Threshold Standards. In implementing an approach to arrive at this satisfaction about each registered provider, TEQSA considers three principles which the Act requires it to apply (reflecting risk, proportionality, and necessity). Part one explains how these safeguards require TEQSA to differentiate between providers. 'Part two: An overview of registered providers in the sector' provides descriptive observations about the diverse range and types of registered providers in the sector today. As of mid-2013, there were 173 registered higher education providers, including 37 public Australian universities, three Australian private universities, one University of Specialisation, two overseas universities and 130 other higher education providers. Many of these providers, including some universities, are also registered to provide vocational education and training (VET), and are often referred to as dual sector or multi-sector providers. This profile and the business models employed are evolving as providers respond to market dynamics and new entrants emerge. 'Part three: assuring quality standards in practice' provides further detail about TEQSA's risk-based approach to assuring that providers are meeting the national standards. This covers TEQSA's assessment approaches, including its risk assessment framework and consideration of providers' demonstrated capacity to monitor and manage identified risks. This part also describes how TEQSA's level of confidence in a provider translates into graduated interventions where warranted. To aid understanding, the appendix illustrates TEQSA's application of the framework through a series of hypothetical case studies, making reference to different types of providers, risk profiles, regulatory processes and decisions. Show less

Transformation of the higher education (HE) sector in post-1994 South Africa serves a dual purpose. Firstly, it is a response to the local imperative of democratisation, in the sense of developing citizenship and social redress. Secondly, it is an attempt to reposition South African universities within the global HE terrain, which had changed considerably during the preceding period of South Africa's isolation. The authors argue that this transformation is better understood as a process of bureaucratisation that has imported and imposed an administrative structure which, in turn, has brought academics increasingly under surveillance. This has changed the nature of the job and eroded the autonomy of individual academics.

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