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This report presents an analysis of the current state of the Irish labour market, and in particular an assessment of job displacement and the jobs and skills that can help displaced workers regain employment in Ireland. It offers a starting point for those requiring re-employment and identifies top job opportunities for the communities facing the most displacement, whether due to the pandemic or other factors. This report provides key insights to policymakers and workers looking to understand the effect of [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 on the Irish labour market and highlights opportunity for reskilling and upskilling to help get displaced workers in-demand jobs.

The first section analyses COVID-19's differential impact on the labour market by identifying occupations that had strong demand throughout both 2020 and 2021. Next, we investigate changing trends in skills with respect to selected job families, identifying how changes from COVID-19 and underlying labour market trends such as digitalisation have impacted these roles. In the following section, we identify jobs that were negatively affected by the pandemic and have not recovered. Finally, we investigate labour tightness in the current job market by observing trends in the benefits offered by employers, including remote work availability and willingness to train new employees.

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Digital skills are becoming near-universal requirements for employment in the United Kingdom. This new analysis finds digital skills are essential entry requirements for two-thirds of UK Standard Occupation Classification (UK SOC) occupations and carry a wage premium over non-digital roles. This report was commissioned by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) and finds the move up the career ladder from low-to high-skill jobs in the UK comes with increased demand for digital skills. Acquiring specific digital skills makes career progression as well as a pay increase more likely. In certain fields, job seekers need to develop digital skills related to specific technical tools of their chosen discipline to advance their careers.

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In recent decades, technological change has reshaped the tasks performed in many occupations. One result of these task shifts has been an increase in the digital skill requirements of workers. Digitalization and digital platforms have become driving forces in the global economy widely, and in the German economy in particular. The digitalization of occupations, and the increase in digital skills requirements across industries, has reshaped the labor market in recent decades. In this report, Burning Glass Technologies and the Bertelsmann Stiftung collaborate to understand recent trends in digitalization in the German labor market. To do so, we build a digitalization index by occupation using job postings data. This index allows for analyses of the levels and changes in the demand for digital skills in Germany in the period 2014-2018. The index includes a digital score for each occupation from 0 to 100, and, in addition to digitalization by occupation, is used to analyze digitalization by region, industry, education, gender, and salary.

Of all the online job ads analyzed for the study, the share that required at least one digital skill rose from 38.1 per cent in 2014 to 47.5 per cent in 2018. In terms of the digital intensity of different types of jobs, the findings show that, in 2018, almost 80 per cent of online job ads were for occupations for which digital skills and knowledge are a basic requirement. When qualification levels are examined, however, several key differences become apparent: among high-skill jobs, 94 per cent of the postings are for occupations that require digital skills, a figure that drops to only 62 per cent for low-skill jobs, such as assistants in the logistics or catering industries. Differences are also apparent across economic sectors. In addition to the information and communications industry, digitalization has become prevalent in the financial services and insurance industry, and among people providing professional, academic and technical services. Conversely, the hospitality and healthcare industries require relatively few digital skills, as do jobs in the social services sector.

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The [Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)] pandemic catalyzed an enduring shift to remote work. To measure and characterize this shift, we examine more than 250 million job vacancy postings across five English-speaking countries [Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US]. Our measurements rely on a state-of-the-art language-processing framework that we fit, test, and refine using 30,000 human classifications. We achieve 99 per cent accuracy in flagging job postings that advertise hybrid or fully remote work, greatly outperforming dictionary methods and also outperforming other machine-learning methods. From 2019 to early 2023, the share of postings that say new employees can work remotely one or more days per week rose more than three-fold in the US and by a factor of five or more in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK. These developments are highly non-uniform across and within cities, industries, occupations, and companies. Even when zooming in on employers in the same industry competing for talent in the same occupations, we find large differences in the share of job postings that explicitly offer remote work.

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