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The Welfare-to-Work (WtW) grants program was established by the US Congress in 1997 to provide additional resources to supplement welfare reform funds. WtW funds were intended to support programs, particularly in high-poverty communities, to help the least employable, most disadvantaged welfare recipients make the transition from welfare to work. These funds were also available to assist non-custodial parents with employment difficulties to increase their earnings and provide better support for their children. This document is one of several reports from the congressionally mandated national evaluation of the WtW grants program. The report presents findings from the process and implementation analysis component of the evaluation, and describes the service delivery operations of programs funded with WtW grants in 11 study sites. These findings are based on information collected through two rounds of site visits in 1999 and 2001, and management information system data maintained by the programs on participants and services. Topics covered include institutional arrangements, targeting and enrolment, service delivery models, and job placement.

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Currently, most families in the United States of America (USA) who experience personal or family challenges are exempted or deferred from participation in employment or employment-related activities. However, there are a small number of states and some local programs that have expanded the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) program or have developed programs outside of the welfare system to address the needs of these families. This report summarises information from case studies of eight of these programs and examines the issues that are important to consider when designing such programs.

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