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Financing higher education in Australia: a case study

This case study was prepared for the international conference ‘Redefining tertiary education’. It looks at the way ... Show more
This case study was prepared for the international conference ‘Redefining tertiary education’. It looks at the way funding structures have changed. It then looks in some detail at three factors that have been critical in the fashioning of the structures. The factors are the growth in student numbers, public expenditure constraints and views on the appropriate balance between public and private funding. Finally, issues that are likely to affect the financing of higher education in the medium to long term are discussed. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom

Conference name: Redefining tertiary education

Date: 1998

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Government report or paper

Series name: Occasional paper series

Subjects: Policy; Providers of education and training; Finance ... [+] Show more
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Transitions between informal and formal employment: results from a worker survey in Bangladesh

We study transitions between different types of formal and informal employment using retrospective job histories fr ... Show more
We study transitions between different types of formal and informal employment using retrospective job histories from a new survey in Bangladesh. Workers transitioning between jobs are most likely to remain in the same type of employment, although there is still substantial churn across employment types. Private wage employees have higher probability of transitioning to a new job, and changes in earnings and benefits suggest evidence of upward mobility. Nevertheless, there is also non-trivial risk of downward mobility, especially for those transitioning into casual employment, which has the lowest level of earnings and benefits and the highest levels of exposure to workplace hazards and violence. Overall, the informal sector appears to include subpopulations consistent with both the traditional view that it is a segmented portion of the labor market with few prospects of upward mobility, and with the alternative view that it is a dynamic, entrepreneurial alternative to wage employment.
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Authors: Gutierrez, Italo A.; Kumar, Krishna B.; Mahmud, Minhaj; Munshi, Farzana ... [+] Show more

Date: 2019

Geographic subjects: Bangladesh; Asia

Resource type: Article

Journal title: IZA journal of development and migration

Subjects: Employment; Labour market; Governance ... [+] Show more
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Youth transitions in Australia: lessons for other countries?

Compared with many countries, Australia has relatively few young people who are unemployed. This conference paper e ... Show more
Compared with many countries, Australia has relatively few young people who are unemployed. This conference paper examines the features of Australia's education system and labour market to see the extent to which they contribute to this outcome. These features include: recent increases to the school leaving age and an emphasis on post-school education; the apprenticeship and traineeship system; the vocational stream of education within the schooling system; and the high proportion of students undertaking part-time work. The paper argues that there are two key factors behind Australia's good record of employment for young people: high levels of post-school education with the consequence that there is not a large cohort of people in their mid-to-late teens flooding on to the labour market; and a flexible education system which gives individuals multiple choices. However, these factors are not sufficient and are unlikely to be effective without a strong economy: it is very difficult to absorb teenage and young adults' labour in a depressed labour market. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom

Conference name: International Congress on Technical and Vocational Education and Training

Date: 2012

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Conference paper

Subjects: Youth; Vocational education and training; Pathways ... [+] Show more
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The demand for tertiary education in Australia

This paper looks at the domestic demand for tertiary education, including both higher education and vocational educ ... Show more
This paper looks at the domestic demand for tertiary education, including both higher education and vocational education and training and excluding overseas students. It argues that the concept is problematic because of the dominant role of the government in provision, and discusses the factors that impinge on it: fees, returns to study and demographics. The paper looks at unmet demand and the factors that drive demand. It then discusses what has been happening to student demand over the last decade or so. It considers whether we can expect student demand to continue to increase or is the point being reached where the market is saturated. It also looks at the effect the ageing population will have on student demand, given that the biggest inflow of students comes from the school leaver population and looks at likely trends in coming years. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom

Date: 2007

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Outcomes; Governance ... [+] Show more
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National Agreement for Skills and Workforce Development Review, Productivity Commission: a reflection

This opinion piece contributes a response to the Productivity Commission's Review of the National Agreement for Ski ... Show more
This opinion piece contributes a response to the Productivity Commission's Review of the National Agreement for Skills and Workforce Development which was published on 21 January 2021. The paper comments on the key points of the review and provides reflection on issues currently impacting the vocational education and training (VET sector) including: marginalisation of educators, unevenness of qualifications, assessment, and the institutional structure of VET. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom

Date: 2021

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Apprenticeship; Governance ... [+] Show more
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Socioeconomic status and the allocation of government resources in Australia: how well do geographic measures perform?

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to compare the performance of area-based vs individual-level measures of socioec ... Show more
Purpose - The aim of this paper is to compare the performance of area-based vs individual-level measures of socioeconomic status (SES). Design/methodology/approach - Using data from the longitudinal surveys of Australian youth (LSAY), a multidimensional measure of individual SES is created. This individual measure is used to benchmark the relative usefulness of socio-economic indexes for areas (SEIFA), a geographic set of measures often used in Australia to assess the SES of individuals. Both measures are compared in terms of classification bias. The effects of using the different SES measures on participation in post-compulsory education are examined. Findings - SEIFA measures perform satisfactorily with regard to the aggregate measurement of SES. However, they perform poorly when their use is aimed at channelling resources toward disadvantaged individuals. It is at the individual level that the analysis reveals the shortcomings of area-based SES measures. Research limitations/implications - While region based measures are relatively easy to collect and utilise, we suggest that they hide significant SES heterogeneity within regional districts. Hence, the misclassification resulting from the use of regional measures to direct support for low SES groups creates a risk for resource misallocations. Originality/value - The finding that region-based measures are subject to significant misclassification has important research and policy implications. Given the increasing availability of individual-level administrative data, the paper suggests that such data be used as a substitute for geographic SES measures in categorising the SES of individuals.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Authors: Lim, Patrick; Gemici, Sinan; Rice, John; Karmel, Tom

Date: 2011

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Education + training

Subjects: Youth; Demographics; Economics ... [+] Show more
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The demand for training

This paper examines the demand for training in Australia. It concentrates on the factors that affect individual and ... Show more
This paper examines the demand for training in Australia. It concentrates on the factors that affect individual and employer demand and points out that accredited vocational education and training (VET) needs to be considered in the context of extensive use of non-accredited and on-the-job training. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom; Cully, Mark

Conference name: Skills Australia - Academy of the Social Sciences research seminar

Date: 2009

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Conference paper

Subjects: Governance; Workforce development; Teaching and learning
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The economics of apprenticeships and traineeships

The Australian government recognises that a strong Australian Apprenticeship system is essential to sustain a stron ... Show more
The Australian government recognises that a strong Australian Apprenticeship system is essential to sustain a strong economy. Accordingly, an Expert Panel was appointed to provide recommendations to the government on possible ways to reform the system to ensure that it can meet Australia's skills needs into the 21st century. The panel examined apprenticeship training arrangements, including current incentives, and suggested principles and evidence to improve outcomes for both apprentices and industry. The work of the panel was underpinned by a study on related economic costs and benefits, including research undertaken by the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER). This is one of four reports prepared by NCVER as part of this study. The report aims to bring together some of the more important economic considerations: some theory; evidence on costs and benefits; and sustainability, by which is meant whether there are issues that might impact on the long-term future of the apprenticeship and traineeship system. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom; Rice, John

Date: 2011

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Government report or paper

Series name: A shared responsibility: apprenticeships for the 21st century

Subjects: Apprenticeship; Economics; Sustainability ... [+] Show more
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As clear as mud: defining vocational education and training

In this paper it is argued that neither a simple definition of vocational education and training (VET) nor qualific ... Show more
In this paper it is argued that neither a simple definition of vocational education and training (VET) nor qualification levels are helpful. It discusses what does constitute VET in Australia. It suggests that VET is distinguished from higher education (HE) by different funding and regulatory arrangements, and teaching and learning styles. What confuses the issue is that many providers deliver both higher education and VET courses. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom

Conference name: TAFE Governance and Regulations Forum

Date: 2011

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Conference paper

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Qualifications; Finance ... [+] Show more
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How effective are different approaches to higher education provision in increasing access, quality and completion for students in developing countries?: does this differ by gender of students?

This review focuses on how to effectively increase access to and quality in higher education in developing countrie ... Show more
This review focuses on how to effectively increase access to and quality in higher education in developing countries. One hundred and seventy-five research papers on the impact of higher education policies and methods of provision on access, quality and gender issues in developing countries, available in English language, were systematically reviewed. The majority of the studies fell into six main categories: affirmative action; cross-border, distance and open education; financial policies/programmes (including cost-sharing policies and student loan programmes); technical and vocational education and training (TVET); and institutional type.
Edited excerpts from publication. Show less

Authors: Clifford, Megan; Miller, Trey; Stasz, Cathleen; Goldman, Charles ... [+] Show more

Date: 2013

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: EPPI-Centre report

Subjects: Governance; Quality; Gender ... [+] Show more

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