Search Results | VOCEDplus, the international tertiary education and research database

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Starting out in low-skill jobs

The purpose of this research is to examine whether, for those who have left full-time education, a low-skill job pr... Show more
The purpose of this research is to examine whether, for those who have left full-time education, a low-skill job provides them with a good start to their working lives. It was found that starting out in a low-skill job gives lower payoffs than starting out in a high-skill job. Five years after leaving full-time education, the wage penalty (after conditioning on education and other characteristics) still exists but this scarring effect diminishes over time. However, any job is better than having no job.
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Authors: Karmel, Tom; Lu, Tham; Oliver, Damian

Date: 2013

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: LSAY research report

Subjects: Outcomes; Youth; Employment ... [+] Show more
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Current directions in Australia's vocational education and training system

This paper provides an overview of the factors which influence and drive Australia's technical and vocational educa... Show more
This paper provides an overview of the factors which influence and drive Australia's technical and vocational education and training (TVET) sector. It details the objectives of 'Shaping our future' , Australia's national strategy for TVET from 2004 to 2010 (indexed at TD/LMR 85.685), and key initiatives of the sector to meet the changing economic and technological environment: a review of training packages, and a review of the national standards for training providers. It also discusses issues facing the TVET sector, as identified in a paper published by the Business Council of Australia (indexed at TD/TNC 77.61). Further, an overview of the apprenticeship and traineeship system, which has expanded considerably in recent years, is provided. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom

Conference name: International Vocational Education Conference

Date: 2004

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Conference paper

Subjects: Apprenticeship; Traineeship; Technology ... [+] Show more
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The nursing workforce in 2010

Currently there are major concerns about the adequacy of the nursing workforce. This paper reports on workforce mod... Show more
Currently there are major concerns about the adequacy of the nursing workforce. This paper reports on workforce models built for both registered nurses, trained in universities, and enrolled nurses, trained in the vocational education sector. Projections suggest that the ageing of the population together with the ageing of the nursing workforce will put real strains on the supply of nurses. It is argued that the work organisation of the carer workforce (professionals, para-professionals and assistants/personal carers) will need to change. It is also suggested that articulation in the training arrangements between these groups will be important.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.
The collection of papers is indexed at TD/TNC 71.486; individuals papers are indexed from TD/TNC 71.487 to TD/TNC 71.494. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom; Li, Jianke

Conference name: CEET National Conference

Date: 2002

Resource type: Conference paper

Subjects: Outcomes; Demographics; Pathways ... [+] Show more
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Opportunities for all: mutually beneficial opportunities for Syrians and host countries in Middle Eastern labor markets

The Syrian Civil War has displaced 60 per cent of the country's population. Six million refugees live in neighborin... Show more
The Syrian Civil War has displaced 60 per cent of the country's population. Six million refugees live in neighboring countries in the Middle East. Such a large refugee influx has been a severe strain to these countries' labor markets, public services, and social cohesion. This RAND report examines the problems of and opportunities for the labor market for displaced Syrians in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. The authors used multiple methods: interviews with stakeholders, focus groups with Syrian and host country workers, in-depth interviews with firms, and surveys of firms and Syrian households. The existing skill sets of the Syrians are compared to the needs of each country's labor market; and the steps needed to improve the overall economic climate and strategies for preserving and improving social cohesion of refugees and host communities are examined. Each country has its specific challenges. For example, in Turkey a key barrier for the refugees was the ability to speak the language. In Jordan and Lebanon, the existing economic slowdowns and lack of jobs were exacerbated by the arrival of the refugees. Working legally was a challenge in all countries. The authors conclude with recommendations tailored to each country. Some of these include offering language classes (in the case of Turkey); assessing geographic areas where jobs are needed and enabling migrants to move to these regions; improving each country's worker certification process so that qualified migrants can get jobs within their area of expertise; investing in infrastructure projects and better training courses; and improving the business environment for all.
Published abstract. Show less

Authors: Kumar, Krishna B.; Culbertson, Shelly; Constant, Louay; Nataraj, Shanthi ... [+] Show more

Date: 2018

Geographic subjects: Syria; Lebanon; Jordan ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: RAND research report

Subjects: Culture and society; Equity; Employment ... [+] Show more
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Explaining the divergence between student numbers and hours, 2002 to 2007

This technical paper provides information on the divergence between student numbers and delivery hours for the peri... Show more
This technical paper provides information on the divergence between student numbers and delivery hours for the period 2002 to 2007. The change in hours from one year to the next is decomposed into three effects, one of which is 'hours inflation', whereby nominal hours increase over time for the same unit of competency or module. The paper shows that the 'hours inflation' explains relatively little of the divergence between students and hours. However, another form of hours creep, whereby new modules have higher average hours than ceased modules, was of some significance at the start of the period in question. A further point to emerge from this analysis is the dynamic nature of the vocational education and training (VET) system, with very large numbers of hours being associated with the introduction of new modules. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom; Mlotkowski, Peter

Date: 2009

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Students; Skills and knowledge; Teaching and learning
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The contribution of VET to Australia's skill base

Vocational education and training (VET) provides employment related training at the certificate and diploma level, ... Show more
Vocational education and training (VET) provides employment related training at the certificate and diploma level, aimed at all occupational groups with the possible exception of professionals - which are largely served by higher education. It is delivered within both an institutional and workplace setting. An important element is the apprenticeship/traineeship that incorporates formal training within an employment relationship. The aim of this paper is to look at the contribution of VET to the labour market. Three aspects are focused on: the relationship between the training and occupations VET graduates work in; the extent to which the qualified proportion of the workforce has increased (skill deepening) and the link between VET and skills acquisition. The unifying theme of these aspects is that there is no deterministic link between VET and the labour market-skills are not raw materials consumed in a manufacturing process; rather they are akin to capital that has alternative uses. Before examining these aspects, however, I will briefly describe the sector, to show the breadth of its provision.
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Authors: Karmel, Tom

Date: 2009

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Insights: Melbourne economics and commerce

Subjects: Apprenticeship; Traineeship; Vocational education and training ... [+] Show more
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The efficacy of pre-apprenticeships

Pre-apprenticeships or pre-vocational training is seen as being meritorious in the same way that the apprenticeship... Show more
Pre-apprenticeships or pre-vocational training is seen as being meritorious in the same way that the apprenticeship model, with its combination of employment and training, is seen as an ideal model for vocational training. The motivation behind this paper is to test whether pre-apprenticeships (and pre-traineeships and pre-vocational training more generally) are a model worth pursuing or whether they are just another element of lower level Vocational Education and Training. An issue with discussion of pre-apprenticeships or pre-vocational training is that it is not possible to identify them in the official statistics. This means that it is difficult to identify them and judge their merits.
The statistical analysis has uncovered some positive findings about the potential benefits of pre-vocational training, but also has concluded that not all the evidence is positive (for example, those apprentices and trainees undertaking pre-vocational training which is not relevant report lower satisfaction than their peers). Thus, we conclude that potentially pre-vocational training can be of value, but not as a matter of course. What then are the policy implications of our findings? If we were serious about pre-vocational training, we would need to clearly define its attributes. Questions to ask would be whether they are primarily intended to facilitate entry into an apprenticeship or traineeship, or should they have a broader purpose, and whether they should be more than a lower level qualification in an occupational area.
Edited excerpts from publication and publisher's website. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom

Date: 2021

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Qualifications; Pathways ... [+] Show more
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Opinion pieces 2011

Twenty-two opinion pieces were released in 2011: (1) 'Impact of the downturn on apprentice commencements and the lo... Show more
Twenty-two opinion pieces were released in 2011: (1) 'Impact of the downturn on apprentice commencements and the long term implications for the number of tradespersons' by Tom Karmel (released 24 January); (2) 'Training: it makes dollars and sense to check on course outcomes' by Tom Karmel (released 26 March); (3) 'Australia and China: linking industry with VET' by Josie Misko (released 27 March); (4) 'No country for straw men' by Tom Karmel (released 28 March); (5) 'Measuring SES: less can be more...' by John Rice (released 11 April); (6) 'A question of degrees: launch of the VOCEDplus database' by Stephen Parker (released 19 April); (7) 'A portrait of initial teacher training' by Hugh Guthrie (released 5 May); (8) 'India cries out for an all-encompassing vocational training system' by Francesca Beddie (released 12 May); (9) 'As clear as mud: defining vocational education and training' by Tom Karmel (released 12 May); (10) 'New contributors to adult education' by Bridget Wibrow (released 15 May); (11) 'Young people in an economic downturn' (released 1 June); (12) 'Apprenticeships pave path to success' by Tom Karmel (released 4 June); (13) 'Pre-apprenticeships in need of a renovation' by Damian Oliver (released 18 July); (14) 'Learner persistence, it's the journey that's important' by Lisa Nechvoglod (released 25 July); (15) 'Land of opportunity: scholarship in tertiary education' by Francesca Beddie (released 7 September); (16) 'By degrees and trades: more and better job prospects for young people' by Tom Karmel (released 10 September); (17) 'Putting the jigsaw together: work, life, VET and low-pay' by Barbara Pocock (released 12 September); (18) 'Which paths work for post-school success?' by Tom Karmel (released 15 September); (19) 'Apprenticeships and traineeships in Australia' by Brian Knight and Tom Karmel (released 11 October); (20) 'Age matters: a profile of young people and study' by Davinia Blomberg (released 18 October); (21) 'Socioeconomic status and the allocation of government resources in Australia: how well do geographic measures perform?' by Patrick Lim, Sinan Gemici, John Rice and Tom Karmel (released 9 November); (22) 'Vocational education and skills policy in Australia' by Tom Karmel (released 6 December). Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom; Misko, Josie; Rice, John; Blomberg, Davinia ... [+] Show more

Date: 2011

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia; Asia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: NCVER opinion pieces

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Apprenticeship; Outcomes ... [+] Show more
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Interview with Tom Karmel on 'The impact of schools on young people's transition to university'

In this interview, Steve Davis talks with co-author Tom Karmel about this report which uses data from the 2006 coho... Show more
In this interview, Steve Davis talks with co-author Tom Karmel about this report which uses data from the 2006 cohort of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) to investigate how schools influence tertiary entrance rank and university enrolment over and above young people's individual background characteristics. A point of discussion was the authors' finding that schools do matter and although young people's individual characteristics are the main contributors to university entrance, the school characteristics are responsible for almost 20 per cent of the variation in tertiary entrance rankings.
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Authors: Karmel, Tom; Davis, Steve

Date: 2013

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Webinar or podcast

Series name: Vocational voices

Subjects: Students; Youth; Secondary education ... [+] Show more
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Why do the growth rates of students, enrolments and hours differ so much between 2006 and 2007?

This paper examines some large and unusual movements for data in the 2007 VET (vocational education and training) P... Show more
This paper examines some large and unusual movements for data in the 2007 VET (vocational education and training) Provider Collection by comparison with 2006. A close examination of the divergences between students, enrolments and hours has not revealed anything too untoward in general. Changes in the patterns of courses undertaken explain most of the divergence. However, the exception is South Australia in which quite remarkable growth in enrolments has been observed. This growth can be tracked to a relatively small number of areas, with increased enrolments per student in certificates I and II in mixed field programs contributing 5.0 percentage points to the overall growth in enrolments. This implies that enrolments may be a poor indicator of training activity for South Australia. It is also concluded that there is nothing to suggest that ‘hours creep’, with new modules having greater hours than old hours, is occurring. Show less

Authors: Karmel, Tom; Mark, Kevin; Mlotkowski, Peter

Date: 2008

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia; South Australia

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Students; Participation; Statistics ... [+] Show more

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