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Innovations in labour market policies: the Australian way

Australia has been one of the first OECD countries to introduce market-type mechanisms into job-broking and related ... Show more
Australia has been one of the first OECD countries to introduce market-type mechanisms into job-broking and related employment services. In 1998, the Job Network was introduced in Australia to provide job matching and other employment assistance services for the unemployed. Under the new system, these services were subcontracted to hundreds of private and community organisations. The remaining government agency offers services on the same terms and conditions as the private providers and has kept a relatively small share in the market. The government has also decided to maintain only the most cost-effective active labour market programs and has increased emphasis on the principle of 'mutual obligation' in the benefit system where some unemployed people are required to undertake some form of work in return for their benefits. These innovative reforms are part of those introduced in Australia across a wide range of labour market programs along with extensive reforms to the industrial relations system to promote enterprise bargaining. This publication provides a detailed analysis of industrial relations and labour market policies in Australia with a particular focus on recent insights gathered from three years of experience in the operation of a contestable employment services market. It begins with a summary and conclusions section and then provides an overview of the Australian labour market and the institutions involved in labour market policy and employment services. Issues related to the Job Network, placement, unemployment and related benefits, labour market programs, workplace relations, and wage determination are then examined. Annexes contain information on payment mechanisms for competitive employment service provision and three major areas of labour market programs (training and youth programs, indigenous programs, and disability programs). Show less

Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Date: 2001

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Employment

Subjects: Labour market; Innovation; Income ... [+] Show more
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PISA in brief from Australia's perspectives: highlights from the full Australian report: facing the future: a focus on mathematical literacy among Australian 15-year-old students in PISA 2003

The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a survey of the knowledge and skills of 15 year o ... Show more
The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a survey of the knowledge and skills of 15 year olds that was first carried out in 2000 and repeated every three years to measure the changes that take place over time. This document summarises the results of PISA 2003, focusing on Australia's results and how the Australian students performed in comparison with students from other countries. It shows how well prepared Australian students are to meet the challenges of the future, whether they have the ability to analyse, reason and communicate their ideas effectively, and whether they have the capacity to continue learning throughout life. Overall, Australian students performed consistently well in the four assessment domains: mathematics, reading, scientific literacy and problem solving. Key messages for Australia from PISA 2003 include: in relation to socioeconomic background, students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds have a distinct advantage; in relation to Indigenous students, a very small proportion of students performed well in mathematical literacy; and in relation to gender differences, while there was no overall gender differences apparent in mathematical performance, males tended to be over-represented at the upper levels of achievement.
The full report is indexed at TD/TNC 93.855. Show less

Authors: Thomson, Sue; Cresswell, John; De Bortoli, Lisa

Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ... [+] Show more

Date: 2004

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Literacy; Performance; Students ... [+] Show more
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Who are the bachelor's and master's graduates?

Graduation rates for bachelor's and master's degrees have dramatically increased over the past two decades, with si ... Show more
Graduation rates for bachelor's and master's degrees have dramatically increased over the past two decades, with six million bachelor's degrees and three million master's degrees awarded in OECD countries in 2013. Although women represent over half of the graduates at the bachelor's and master's level, they are still strikingly under-represented in the fields of sciences and engineering. The proportion of international students rises with every level of tertiary education: while seven per cent of bachelor's graduates were international students in 2013, the figure increases to 18 per cent among those awarded a master's degree.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Date: 2016

Geographic subjects: Africa;

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD education indicators in focus

Subjects: Qualifications; Demographics; Gender ... [+] Show more
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OECD economic surveys: Australia

The OECD produces annual reviews of Member and selected non-Member countries’ economies. Each issue provides an ana ... Show more
The OECD produces annual reviews of Member and selected non-Member countries’ economies. Each issue provides an analysis of developments in the subject country, special reports on topics of current interest, and extensive statistical information. This 2006 economic survey of Australia presents a comprehensive overview of the Australian economy and contains a special feature on fiscal relations across levels of government. The survey is presented in the following sections: The short-term challenge: riding the commodities rollercoaster; Long-term structural challenges; Fiscal relations across levels of government; The need for further reforms to infrastructure services; Reforming industrial relations; Improving incentives to work. The survey concludes that a series of structural reforms and the introduction of a robust macroeconomic framework have ensured Australia’s stability during recent testing economic times. These reforms have also boosted productivity and living standards. The challenge will be to sustain this performance, particularly in the face of population ageing, which will require progress in the following areas: improving fiscal relations across levels of government; boosting productivity growth; and raising labour market flexibility and supply.
The 2004 survey is indexed at TD/TNC 81.362, the 2002-2003 survey at TD/TNC 73.418 and the 2000-2001 survey at TD/TNC 67.126. Show less

Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Date: 2006

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD economic surveys

Subjects: Statistics; Outcomes; Finance ... [+] Show more
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Job creation and local economic development 2016

This second edition examines how national and local actors can better work together to support economic development ... Show more
This second edition examines how national and local actors can better work together to support economic development and job creation at the local level. It sheds light on a continuum of issues - from how skills policy can better meet the needs of local communities to how local actors can better engage employers in apprenticeships and improve the implementation of small and medium enterprise (SME) and entrepreneurship policy. It includes international comparisons that allow local areas to take stock of how they are performing in the marketplace for skills and jobs. It also includes a set of country profiles featuring, among other things, new data on skills supply and demand at the level of OECD sub-regions.
Edited abstract from publisher's website.
The contents are as follows: Reader's guide; Executive summary; Creating the right conditions for job creation and local development; Skills and jobs: some places are being left behind; How to tailor vocational education and training to local needs; Local actions can make apprenticeships work; Making SME and entrepreneurship policy more effective at the local level; Entrepreneurship can bring disadvantaged youth into the labour market; Country profiles (overview; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Chile; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea; Latvia; Lithuania; Mexico; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; South Africa; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States); Graphs (thematic chapters; country profiles). Show less

Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Date: 2016

Geographic subjects: Europe; North America; Africa ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Job creation and local economic development

Subjects: Employment; Economics; Apprenticeship ... [+] Show more
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Recognition of non-formal and informal learning: country note for Australia

In 1996, the OECD education ministers agreed to develop strategies for ‘lifelong learning for all’, an approach end ... Show more
In 1996, the OECD education ministers agreed to develop strategies for ‘lifelong learning for all’, an approach endorsed by ministers of labour, ministers of social affairs and the OECD Council at ministerial level. The concept of ‘from cradle to grave’ includes formal, non-formal and informal learning. This country note on Australia forms part of the OECD’s ‘Thematic review of the recognition of non-formal and informal learning’. The overall purpose of this OECD activity is to provide policy makers with useful options for generating effective systems of recognising non-formal and informal learning by: taking stock of existing institutional and technical arrangements; developing indicators to measure the benefits and risks and collecting evidence on who benefits and who is at risk; collecting evidence of what is working and what is not working within current systems; and exploring effective, beneficial and equitable models based on the review of existing practices. The focus of the activity is non-formal and informal learning settings. Nevertheless, it also covers the formal education sector where, for instance, the recognition of non-formal and informal learning provides a means of entry or re-entry into the formal education sector, or where a country has an overarching recognition system for overall competencies or learning outcomes, which covers formal, non-formal and informal settings. A team of three experts visited Australia during the period 10-18 April 2007 and this document is based on materials provided during the visit and interviews with key stakeholders, policy makers, academics, and trainers and assessors.
Published excerpts reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.
As part of this OECD activity, Australia also drafted a country background report, which is indexed at TD/TNC 91.301. Show less

Authors: Doyle, Jo; Simota, Tina; Werquin, Patrick

Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ... [+] Show more

Date: 2009

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia

Resource type: Country information

Subjects: Lifelong learning; Pathways; Qualifications ... [+] Show more
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Better use of skills in the workplace: why it matters for productivity and local jobs

This joint OECD-ILO report provides a comparative analysis of case studies focusing on improving skills use in the ... Show more
This joint OECD-ILO report provides a comparative analysis of case studies focusing on improving skills use in the workplace across eight countries. The examples provide insights into the practical ways in which employers interact with government services and policies at the local level. They highlight the need to build policy coherence across employment, skills, economic development and innovation policies, and underline the importance of ensuring that skills utilisation is built into policy development thinking and implementation.
Skills utilisation concerns the extent to which skills are effectively applied in the workplace to maximise workplace and individual performance. It involves a mix of policies including work organisation, job design, technology adaptation, innovation, employee-employer relations, human resource development practices and business-product market strategies. It is often at the local level that the interface of these factors can best be addressed.
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Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ... [+] Show more

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Great Britain; Singapore; United States ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Workforce development; Policy ... [+] Show more
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New perspectives on ICT skills and employment

This report was presented to the Working Party on the Information Economy (WPIE) in December 2004. It provides an o ... Show more
This report was presented to the Working Party on the Information Economy (WPIE) in December 2004. It provides an overview of information and communications technology (ICT) skills and employment across OECD economies and analyses some of the impacts on economic performance. It describes a new approach to identifying the diffusion of ICTs in the economy. Two measures of ICT-skilled employment are developed. The first is a narrow measure that uses occupational data to identify ICT specialists (e.g. programmers, software developers but also cable layers). The second is a broad measure that includes those who intensively use ICTs to perform their work (both basic and advanced intensive users), as well as the specialists. These measures are calculated for the economy as a whole and also by sector. The report provides a brief review of earlier attempts to identify the presence of ICTs in the economy and describes a new measurement approach developed for the 2004 ‘OECD information technology outlook’, which attempts to capture the diffusion of ICTs throughout the economy based on the degree of their actual use. The industry rankings based on the share of ICT-skilled employment in total employment are then compared to the results of other studies that classify industrial sectors on the basis of ICT usage. Some preliminary results from the analysis relating the ICT skills measures to productivity measures are presented. The report has expanded the analysis of ICT-skilled employment from the 2004 ‘OECD information technology outlook’ and extended it to include Canada. The analysis revealed that the narrow measure of ICT specialists followed a similar pattern across countries (European Union (EU)15, US, Canada and Australia), but that the trends for broad measure of ICT-intensive users and specialists diverged. The share of broad ICTskilled employment is increasing in the EU15, but decreasing in the US, Canada and Australia. The broad ICT-skilled employment measure was also analysed at the sectoral level. Findings reveal that many business services sectors have a very large share of ICT-skilled employment (e.g. computer and related services, financial intermediation services, and research and development), as well as certain manufacturing sectors (such as manufacturing of office machinery and computers). Personal services tended to have a relatively low share. Most sectors were found to have increased their share of ICT-skilled employment somewhat, particularly those that already had a relatively large share. Show less

Authors: Welsum, Desiree van; Vickery, Graham

Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ... [+] Show more

Date: 2005

Geographic subjects: North America; Oceania; Europe ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Employment; Technology; Statistics ... [+] Show more
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Manpower policy in Australia

This examination of labour and employment policy in Australia was undertaken by the OECD at the request of the Aust ... Show more
This examination of labour and employment policy in Australia was undertaken by the OECD at the request of the Australian Government. It is part of a series of country reviews designed to provide an opportunity for all OECD countries to benefit from each other's experience in this field. The examiners visited Australia in 1973 to discuss policy formulation around aspects identified as important by the Australian Government. The report is structured around these major areas: country background; forces confronting Australia in a world of change; labour utilisation in the context of economic growth; and a selected approach to Australian problems related to labour and industrial relations policies. A background paper, prepared by the then Commonwealth Department of Labour, was prepared to inform this discussion. Show less

Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Date: 1975

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD reviews of manpower and social policies

Subjects: Policy; Employment; Labour market ... [+] Show more
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Tuition fee reforms and international mobility

This paper concentrates on the role of foreign students' tuition fees in funding tertiary institutions and on the i ... Show more
This paper concentrates on the role of foreign students' tuition fees in funding tertiary institutions and on the international mobility of students. The number of students enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship has been steadily increasing over the last 15 years. Some countries attract foreign students on a revenue-generating or at least a cost-recovery basis, while others do not differentiate between the tuition fees paid by national and foreign students. The evidence from recent tuition-fee reforms suggests that tuition fees influence the choice of destination countries among international new entrants. However, higher tuition fees do not necessarily discourage international students, and can contribute substantially to the funding of tertiary education.
Excerpts from publication. Show less

Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Australia; Austria; Canada ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD education indicators in focus

Subjects: Finance; Higher education; Governance ... [+] Show more

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