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Taking a whole of government approach to skills development

Today, technical and vocational skills development is considered to be a crucial vehicle for sustainable developmen... Show more
Today, technical and vocational skills development is considered to be a crucial vehicle for sustainable development. Many ministries of government, the private sector and other stakeholders, have an interest in technical and vocational skills development systems responding effectively to the broad and intersecting demands of labour market, communities and individuals. This publication underscores the multi-sectoral character of technical and vocational skills development by recognising its historical fragmentation and the need for systems to simultaneously respond to the external demands of economic growth, social equity and sustainability.
The publication, the result of sustained collaboration between UNESCO and ILO, identifies six types of governance models, ranging from systems led by one ministry (for example the Ministry of Education or Ministry of Labour) to ones disaggregated across several ministries. However, whilst the publication concludes that none of the six types of models seems to consistently deliver superior results, effective coordination measures do have a greater impact on some parts of a technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and skills system compared to others. However, it suggests that a number of underlying features must also be present for good governance and effective inter-ministerial coordination to occur.
Edited excerpt from publication. Show less

Authors: Todd, Robin; Dunbar, Muriel

Date: 2018

Geographic subjects: Bangladesh; Burkina Faso; Canada ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Skills and knowledge; Governance ... [+] Show more
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Gender gap in pay in the Russian Federation: twenty years later, still a concern

This paper decomposes the gender gap in pay in the Russian Federation along the earnings distribution for the perio... Show more
This paper decomposes the gender gap in pay in the Russian Federation along the earnings distribution for the period 1996-2011. The analysis uses a reweighted, recentered influence function decomposition that allows estimating the contribution of each covariate on the wage structure and composition effects along the earnings distribution. The paper finds that women are in flat career paths compared with men; the importance of observable characteristics that proxy human capital in the gender pay gap decrease along the earnings distribution; and if women's pay took into account their educational degrees as much as men's, the gender pay gap would disappear or even reverse at the top of the earnings distribution. The results suggest that women at the bottom of the earnings distribution should be helped to increase their labor market skills, and women at the top of the distribution should be helped to break the glass ceiling and be remunerated for their skills to the same extent as men.
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Authors: Atencio, Andrea; Posadas, Josefina

Date: 2015

Geographic subjects: Russia (Federation); Europe

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: World Bank policy research working paper

Subjects: Gender; Outcomes; Skills and knowledge ... [+] Show more
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Investing in education: analysis of the 1999 World Education Indicators

During the 1990s, the demand for individuals, economies and societies to raise their education levels has led to in... Show more
During the 1990s, the demand for individuals, economies and societies to raise their education levels has led to increased participation in a broadening range of learning activities by people of all ages. The challenge is to meet the growing demand for learning whilst ensuring that the learning opportunities respond effectively to the needs of learners. However, disparities in educational progress exist both between and within nations. Governments are increasingly using international comparative policy analysis to inform effective educational policy formation. As a result several countries along with OECD and UNESCO launched the World Education Indicators (WEI) pilot program in 1997 with financial support from the World Bank. This report presents an initial analysis of the data collected through this program. It synthesises data from WEI participating countries with that of OECD countries. The report demonstrates the comparative performance of education systems from a range of countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Paraguay, the Philippines, Uruguay, the Russian Federation, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Zimbabwe and OECD countries. The analysis examines the financial and human resources invested in education, the operation and evolution of education and learning systems, and the returns to educational investment. Chapter 1 provides brief profiles of each country, highlighting educational policy, challenges faced by the education system, and reforms intended to address these challenges. Chapters 2 and 3 use an international comparative framework to analyse how countries have responded to educational demands and the effectiveness of these responses. The annex contains the indicators supporting the analysis, the classification of national education programs, and other relevant technical information. Show less

Corporate authors: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) ... [+] Show more

Date: 2000

Geographic subjects: Middle East; Asia; Africa ... [+] Show more America; Russia (Federation)">Russia (Federation); [-] Show less

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Evaluation; Research; Statistics ... [+] Show more
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Labour market transitions of young women and men in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

This report presents the results of the School-to-work Transition Surveys (SWTS) implemented in six countries in th... Show more
This report presents the results of the School-to-work Transition Surveys (SWTS) implemented in six countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region - Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Ukraine - in 2012 or 2013. The indicators resulting from the surveys and analysed in this report provide a much more detailed picture of the youth in the labour market in a part of the world where unemployment rates are among the highest in the world. Obviously, high unemployment of young people remains a matter of concern, but it is equally important to consider the quality of work that is offered to them. Do jobs in the region guarantee the necessary income and security that would enable young people to progress towards independence, particularly in material and financial terms, in their adult lives? The strength of outward migration in the region would suggest that national economies are not able to provide the types of jobs that many young people expect. The report focuses heavily on issues of quality of employment and also draws attention to the path and duration of the labour market transitions of young people, while drawing some conclusions about the characteristics or experiences that can help to achieve a smoother transition.
The main findings are that: (1) education results are strong in the region; educational access is nearly universal and levels of attainment are high but stagnation in job creation results in missed opportunities; educational investments are not fully translated into the productive utilization of human capital; (2) technical vocational education and training (TVET) systems are also well established in the region, with robust participation of youth in most countries; (3) investing in university education pays off in terms of better job prospects and faster labour market transitions; (4) the youth labour market in the region is influenced by gender issues; (5) most young workers in the region benefit from a standard employment relationship, with a written contract and access to basic entitlements, although exceptions do exist; (6) informal employment is the standard condition among youth in the Eastern Europe-Central Asia region, as elsewhere; (7) young people are attracted by the idea of entrepreneurship but do not follow through when making employment decisions; (8) youth in the region show an untenable expectation for work in the public sector; (9) most youth rely on informal networks when searching for jobs; and (10) young men, youth living in urban areas, those coming from wealthier households, with completed higher education and having parents with higher education have the advantage in terms of completing the labour market transition to stable and/or satisfactory employment.
Edited excerpts from publication. Show less

Authors: Elder, Sara; Barcucci, Valentina; Gurbuzer, Yonca; Perardel, Yves ... [+] Show more

Date: 2015

Geographic subjects: Europe; Asia; Central Asia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Work4Youth publication series

Subjects: Youth; Employment; Research ... [+] Show more
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Focus on higher education in Europe 2010: the impact of the Bologna Process

This report focuses on the state of European higher education after a decade of major reforms. As well as examining... Show more
This report focuses on the state of European higher education after a decade of major reforms. As well as examining the major Bologna Process developments the report also considers the impact on higher education of the economic crisis and Europe's changing demography. It provides concise and clear information on key aspects of higher education systems in all 46 countries of the emerging European Higher Education Area at the end of the first Bologna decade. It focuses on the impact of Bologna process reforms, taking account of other significant contextual factors. Information was gathered and checked in all countries between the end of August 2009 and February 2010. The publication is divided into two main parts. The first part consists of a comparative overview of the main issues related to the implementation of the Bologna process. These aspects include the Bologna three-cycle degree structure, the implementation of the main Bologna tools, such as the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS), the Diploma Supplement and the National Qualifications Frameworks (NQF), the development of quality assurance systems, the social dimension of higher education, lifelong learning in higher education, student mobility and the impact of the economic crisis. The second part of the publication consists of comparable system information for all signatory countries giving an overview of key issues associated with the Bologna process. Each country table is accompanied by a higher education system diagram showing the higher education degree structures and qualifications most commonly offered by higher education institutions. The diagrams illustrate clearly where the three main cycles are now integrated features of higher education systems and also show those programs that remain outside the typical Bologna models. Show less

Corporate authors: European Commission. Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA)

Date: 2010

Geographic subjects: Europe; Albania; Andorra ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Demographics; Governance; Higher education ... [+] Show more
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Country education profiles

The country education profiles (CEPs) are a guide to the education systems of over 115 countries and their comparab... Show more
The country education profiles (CEPs) are a guide to the education systems of over 115 countries and their comparability with Australian qualifications. CEPs contain information about the structure and qualifications of all sectors of a country’s education system, including key points of comparison for assessment purposes i.e. quality indicators, and assessment guidelines for comparing qualifications from the overseas country with qualifications on the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF). The CEPs are used to inform decisions for a wide variety of purposes including: admission to an educational institution such as a university; employment; migration; and registration with a professional or regulatory body. CEPs are widely used by education institutions, professional bodies, government departments, state and territory Overseas Qualifications Units (OQUs), migration agents, employers, and individuals both in Australia and overseas. The information provided is generally structured around three main sections: (1) Assessment guidelines: what the assessment guidelines mean (contains information that you need to know before using the assessment guidelines); assessment guidelines by sector and their respective institution list; and quality indicators; (2) List of institutions: consolidated list of recognised institutions for the CEP; links to the relevant assessment guidelines page; and where applicable, lists of institutional directories; and (3) Education system: description of the education system by sector, including: admission requirements, courses and qualifications, types of institutions, diagram of education system, grading systems, and teacher education.
Excerpt from website. Show less

Corporate authors: Australian Education International (AEI)

Date: 2009

Geographic subjects: Asia; Central Asia; Middle East ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Country information

Subjects: Assessment; Secondary education; Quality ... [+] Show more
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Assessing management training needs: Moscow and Ural region, Russian Federation

This report is one in a series that were prepared as part of an international research project on ‘The assessment o... Show more
This report is one in a series that were prepared as part of an international research project on ‘The assessment of management training needs at the achieved level of transition’ in various Central and Eastern European countries. The project was implemented by the Central and East European Management Development Association (CEEMAN) and was sponsored by the European Training Foundation (ETF). This report covered selected enterprises in the Russia Federation and concentrates on the issue of management training needs in manufacturing and service sector industries. The study was carried out during 1998. The research was based on questionnaires, which were sent out to general, human resources and individual managers. The aim was to understand training processes, approaches and practice in order to evaluate how training has been used as a response to evolving business needs and how it can be further developed in the future. Show less

Authors: Filonovich, Sergey

Corporate authors: European Training Foundation (ETF)

Date: 1999

Geographic subjects: Europe; Russia (Federation)

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Management; Outcomes; Industry ... [+] Show more
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OECD reviews of labour market and social policies: Russian Federation 2011

The global financial crisis interrupted a protracted period of strong economic growth in the Russian Federation. De... Show more
The global financial crisis interrupted a protracted period of strong economic growth in the Russian Federation. Despite a large decline in output, job losses and hikes in unemployment remained rather modest, and much of the labour market adjustment took place through reduced working hours and, in particular, real wages. To improve the balance between labour market flexibility and the protection of workers, the Russian Federation needs to reinforce its labour market institutions. This report finds that, notwithstanding the recent recovery, the Russian labour market remains characterised by significant structural imbalances resulting in widespread segmentation and large earnings inequalities and makes recommendations for improving the situation.
Edited excerpts from publication.
The contents are as follows: Foreword; Acronyms and abbreviations; Assessment and recommendations; A dynamic but segmented labour market; Reinforcing labour market institutions; Supporting the working-age population more effectively and more fairly; Ensuring adequate and financially sustainable pensions in the Russian Federation. Show less

Authors: Adema, Willem; Miranda, Veerle; Vourc'h, Ann; Gordine, Tatiana ... [+] Show more

Date: 2011

Geographic subjects: Russia (Federation); Europe

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD reviews of labour market and social policies

Subjects: Labour market; Policy; Economics ... [+] Show more
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Overcoming boredom, dust and decay: turning post-Soviet museums into lifelong learning spaces

The [European Union] EU project A-MUSE-ALL seeks to turn museums in the post-Soviet countries of the Caucasus and i... Show more
The [European Union] EU project A-MUSE-ALL seeks to turn museums in the post-Soviet countries of the Caucasus and in Russia into genuine spaces for lifelong learning. Many museums in the region have suffered from poor funding and little contact with potential audiences. The project aims to change this by training museum staff and facilitating cooperation among museums in the area. In the context of political and ethnic tension in the area, this cooperation is also a bridge-builder between nations and ethnic groups.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Authors: Kereselidze, Marika

Date: 2011

Geographic subjects: Europe; Asia; Russia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Lifelong learning in Europe

Subjects: Lifelong learning; Culture and society; Workforce development ... [+] Show more
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Global Employment Policy Review 2023: macroeconomic policies for recovery and structural transformation

The Global Employment Policy Review (GEPR) is a biennial publication initiated by the ILO's Employment Policy Depar... Show more
The Global Employment Policy Review (GEPR) is a biennial publication initiated by the ILO's Employment Policy Department. The purpose of the GEPR is to further the ILO's contribution to global employment policy debates by giving greater visibility to ongoing policy-oriented research as well as to spur new policy-oriented research. The second edition of the Global Employment Policy Review (GEPR) focuses on the issue of employment-centred macroeconomic policies for recovery and structural transformation. Chapter 1, 'Employment-centred macroeconomic policies: a reality in recovery processes' by Sher Verick, Johannes Weiss and Dorothea Schmidt-Klau, examines policy trends and ongoing employment policy debates in the light of the recovery process, addressing the issue of whether macroeconomic policies have changed as a result of the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 crisis. Chapter 2, 'Gender-responsive macroeconomic policies: lessons learned from the COVID-19 crisis and beyond' by Valeria Esquivel, focuses on the macroeconomic policies put in place to respond to the crisis and support recovery, and investigates whether and how they became gender-responsive (or failed to do so).
Chapter 3, 'How NEET are developing and emerging economies? What do we know and what can be done about it?' by Niall O'Higgins, Anna Barford, Adam Coutts, Adam Elsheikhi, Luis Pinedo Caro and Kate Brockie, finds that the COVID-19 pandemic has had particularly severe and wide-ranging impacts on young people. In 2020, the [not in employment, education or training] NEET rate among young people increased globally to 24.9 per cent, its highest level since estimates began in 2005. Chapter 4, 'The gendered employment impacts of the COVID-19 trade collapse and recovery' by Xiao Jiang, David Kucera and Loritta Chan, uses input–output fixed multiplier analysis to estimate changes in the number of women's and men's jobs as a result of changes in exports to the United States and the European Union (EU) during the COVID-19 crisis for 44 regionally dispersed developing and emerging economies. Chapter 5, 'A pro-employment macroeconomic policy framework for Africa' by Gilad Isaacs, Ilan Strauss and Bernd Mueller, advances a pro-employment macroeconomic framework which locates macroeconomic policy within an overarching framework focused on structural transformation and employment generation.
Edited excerpts from publisher's website and publication. Show less

Authors: Kucera, David; Schmidt, Dorothea; Weiss, Johannes; Braun, Michael

Date: 2023

Geographic subjects: Bangladesh; China; India ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Global Employment Policy Review (ILO)

Subjects: Employment; Policy; Economics ... [+] Show more

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