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This conference included the following research perspectives on the theme of the history of vocational education and training (VET): (1) cases focusing on specific developments or problems of VET in a certain country or region; (2) concepts featuring theoretical approaches towards this phenomenon; and (3) challenges contextualising the historical perspective in a topical policy context. Contributors addressed these issues as they occurred in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, Britain, Norway, Lithuania, Sweden, Kazakhstan, Spain and Finland.

English language papers are as follows: On the genesis of technical vocational education in the Kingdom of Saxony during the period of the Second German Empire (1871-1918) / Volker Bank; On the genealogy of the subject of industrial work / Esther Berner; The development of statistics in the VET domain in Switzerland: issues and difficulties between 1880 and 1930 / Lorenzo Bonoli; Skills and inequality: partisan politics and the political economy of education and training reforms in Western welfare states / Marius R. Busemeyer; Explaining diverging VET systems and approaches in the post-war construction sector: the examples of Britain and Germany / Linda Clarke and Jorn Janssen; Hybrid qualifications in Germany - is there a historical link between the 1970s and the present?: a critical perspective in the face of current VET issues / Thomas Deissinger; There is no outside to the system: paternalism and protest in Swiss VET, 1890-1980 / Philipp Eigenmann and Michael Geiss; Path dependency: the concept of stability and change related to the development of the Swiss VET system / Philipp Gonon; Commercial training between the poles: vocational and liberal education: on the development and impact of the 'Handelsschule der kaufmannischen Innungshalle zu Gotha' / Mathias Gotzl; Made only in Germany?: internationalization and transfer of dual study programs / Lukas Graf, Justin Powell, Johann Fortwengel and Nadine Bernhard; The integration of the German VET system on labour market segregation and gendered professions: historical and future perspectives / Simone Haasler; The vocational education training system in changing working organization processes: a market analyses in the case of integration of dropped-out university students to the vocational education training market in Germany / Udo Hagedorn and Sabrina Berg; The changing form of governance: through the magnifying glass of VET / Eva Hartmann.

English language papers continued: The integration of the female-dominated education and training systems for health and social care into a common collective skills system in Norway: historical background and results / Hakon Host; The socio-historical genesis of the dual organisational form of vocational education and training in Switzerland / Christian Imdorf, Esther Berner and Philipp Gonon; Same, but different: emergence of VET in three Nordic countries / Christian Helms Jorgensen; Industrial relations and VET in Sweden / Tobias Karlsson, Fay Lundh Nilsson and Anders Nilsson; Vocational education and training in Kazakhstan: past, present and future perspectives / Makhabbat Kenzhegaliyeva; The painting profession in Hamburg during National Socialism: a study of the ideology reflected in legal and formal elements of VET (document analysis) / Anna Lambert; 'Muddling through' revisited: the long term development of the dualistic Austrian VET system / Lorenz Lassnigg; Learning from the Nordic countries: the case of Norwegian VET: origins and early development 1860-1950 / Svein Michelsen; Dialectical polarizations of vocational training in France / Gilles Moreau; Using qualifications policy as a leading element of reform strategy in VET: the English case / Tim Oates; The occupational principle as a key factor in the institutional change of Norwegian skill formation / Ole Johnny Olsen; The development and implementation of the workplace learning approach in the vocational education and training system in Spain / Ana Ines Renta-Davids, Manel Fandos-Garrido, Angel Pio Gonzalez-Soto and Jose-Miguel Jimenez-Gonzalez; Comparison of historical development pathways of initial vocational education and training in Germany and Lithuania: how history matters for policy learning? / Andreas Saniter and Vidmantas Tutlys; Development of two-year training occupations in Germany: from basic training to promotion of lifelong learning - a historical and comparative view / Bettina Siecke; Towards school-based Finnish VET: historical roots of VET / Marja-Leena Strenstrom and Maarit Virolainen; How do the European vocational training systems change?: an approach in terms of public policy regimes / Eric Verdier; Solving the crisis: vocational education and training as an economic development policy (France, from the long depression to the second oil crisis) / Antoine Vernet; Vocational school policy in Germany in the context of securing state legitimacy / Eveline Wittmann. Show less

Economic and social disruptions caused by the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 crisis have particularly affected younger people, and therefore policy should respond with measures, programmes and initiatives targeted at this population group. Next to broader labour market and economic measures, which ultimately also benefit younger people, youth-targeted measures are needed given the specific impacts of the pandemic and resulting challenges. Against this background, this policy brief gives an overview on actual policy responses in the area of youth employment during the COVID-19 crisis in 20 selected countries. If such measures are implemented, they share the common goals of reducing the negative impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on younger workers and avoiding long-term scarring effects. However, the precise nature, extent and scope of such measures substantially differ across countries. Given the fragility and large uncertainty of economic recovery that is still present in early 2022, broader policy support continues to be needed, including specific policy measures targeting youth.

Published abstract. Show less

Across Europe, new forms of employment are emerging that are different from traditional standard or non-standard employment in a number of ways. Some transform the relationship between employer and employee, some change work organisation and work patterns, and some do both. This report identifies nine forms of employment that are new or have become increasingly important in Europe since the year 2000. While there is wide diversity in terms of their characteristics and employment relationship, all the forms aim to increase flexibility for employers and/or employees. Although some have the potential to benefit employers and employees equally, in a few cases concerns have been raised about their impact on working conditions and the labour market. The report concludes with recommendations about the need to raise awareness of the potential problems and establish safety nets for workers.

Abstract from publisher's website.

Case study 1: AGZ Sudbrandenburg: employee sharing, Germany; Case study 2: Policy analysis: employee sharing, Germany; Case study 3: Job'Ardent: employee sharing, Belgium; Case study 4: Policy analysis: employee sharing, Belgium; Case study 5: Personal Connect/Manpower: interim management, Czech Republic; Case study 6: Human Garden/Nemos Sokolov: interim management, Czech Republic; Case study 7: Policy analysis: employee sharing, Czech Republic; Case study 8: Andelslag Labour Pool: employee sharing, Finland; Case study 9: AdPartners: collaborative employment, France; Case study 10: Policy analysis: collaborative employment, France; Case study 11: Groupement d'employeurs Ile de Noirmoutier-Ile d'Yeu: employee sharing, France; Case study 12: Federation Isocel: employee sharing, France; Case study 13: Policy analysis: employee sharing, France; Case study 14: Two IT firms: employee sharing, Hungary; Case study 15: Policy analysis: employee sharing, Hungary; Case study 16: Lingjob: crowd employment, Lithuania; Case study 17: Textilcord: employee sharing, Luxembourg; Case study 18: ArcelorMittal: employee sharing, Luxembourg; Case study 19: Policy analysis: employee sharing, Luxembourg; Case study 20: Topdesigner.cz: crowd employment, Czech Republic; Case study 21: Clickworker: crowd employment, Germany; Case study 22: Boblr: crowd employment, Denmark; Case study 23: Adtriboo.com: crowd employment, Spain; Case study 24: Academy of Ideas: crowd employment, Latvia; Case study 25: Idea Hunting: crowd employment, Portugal; Case study 26: Amazon Mechanical Turk: crowd employment, UK; Case study 27: Taskhub: crowd employment, UK; Case study 28: Grontmij: ICT-based mobile work, Denmark; Case study 29: Suomen Pienyrittajain Mainostoimisto; ICT-based mobile work, Finland; Case study 30: Microsoft Hellas: ICT-based mobile work, Greece; Case study 31: Belam Riga: ICT-based mobile work, Latvia; Case study 32: YoungCapital: ICT-based mobile work, Netherlands; Case study 33: Hewlett-Packard Norway: ICT-based mobile work, Norway; Case study 34: Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Ljubljana: ICT-based mobile work, Slovenia; Case study 35: Engbergs Transportsystem: ICT-based mobile work, Sweden; Case study 36: Office of Town District Prague 9: job sharing, Czech Republic; Case study 37: Krakow Regional Labour Office: job sharing, Poland; Case study 38: University Medical Centre Ljubljana: job sharing, Slovenia; Case study 39: Policy analysis: job sharing, Slovenia; Case study 40: Hospital Piestany: casual work, Slovakia; Case study 41: Policy analysis: job sharing and casual work, Slovakia; Case study 42: Landelijk Dienstencooperatief: voucher-based work, Belgium; Case study 43: Policy analysis: voucher-based work, Belgium; Case study 44: Gorizia municipality: voucher-based work, Italy; Case study 45: Policy analysis: voucher-based work, Italy; Case study 46: Slivers of Time: casual work, UK; Case study 47: Local government contracting of social care: casual work, UK;

Case study 48: Policy analysis: Casual work, UK; Case study 49: Werkheim: Coworking, Germany; Case study 50: Policy analysis: Coworking, Germany; Case study 51: Utopic_US: Coworking, Spain; Case study 52: Policy analysis: Coworking, Spain; Case study 53: West SA: Voucher-based work, Greece; Case study 54: Policy analysis: Voucher-based work, Greece; Case study 55: Plant nursery: Voucher-based work, Lithuania; Case study 56: Policy analysis: Voucher-based work, Lithuania; Case study 57: Plastic packaging company: Casual work, Hungary; Case study 58: Policy analysis: Casual work, Hungary; Case study 59: Clock Advertising: Casual work, Romania; Case study 60: Policy analysis: Casual work, Romania; Case study 61: Company Case Study Ireland: Casual work, Ireland; Case study 62: Policy analysis: Casual work, Ireland; Case study 63: Anonymous care organisations: Casual work, The Netherlands; Case study 64: Policy analysis: Casual work, The Netherlands; Case study 65: Policy analysis: Employee sharing, Austria; Case study 66: Policy analysis: Voucher-based work, Austria. Show less

This policy brief provides an update on job retention policies in a sample of 20 countries representing the main world regions as well as the diverse types of job retention schemes, in particular short-time work, furlough and wage subsidy schemes as they have been implemented in response to the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pandemic. We show the diversity of these policies as well as the available information about their (re-)design as the pandemic evolved up to the most recent period. The policy brief raises main issues regarding the implementation and adaptation of job retention policies and illustrated this with four case studies.

Published abstract. Show less

This chapter contributes to an examination of governance and marketisation strategies in continuing and vocational education from international, national and sectoral perspectives. The author questions whether networks as a form of governance displace the influence of the government or the market in the area of adult learning. Since the 1970s, the level of governance in adult learning has shifted from the national level to one of a network of regional players in German learning regions. The concept of networking as a level of governance for regional adult learning is distilled, highlighting 'two poles' of the network approach; the structure (top-down) and the process (bottom-up) of a regional network. The author compares the structure as a 'pattern for regional adult learning providers' and the process as a 'performance of a learning region' against empirical findings about the learning region of Trier. The author argues that the results show that networks as learning regions are a 'new power of governance'. However, they still follow top-down direction on a lower level and are still strongly influenced by the government through regulations and funding, and by market patterns of supply and demand. The process of the network is important to render it inclusive and sustainable. It is concluded that process oriented networks of providers and participants can be a successful form of governance for adult learning although further research is needed.

The volume from which this chapter was taken is indexed at TD/TNC 83.73. Selected chapters are indexed from TD/TNC 83.74 to TD/TNC 83.82. Show less

This study aims to provide empirical evidence for informed policy decisions by analysing the Youth Employment Inventory (YEI). The YEI is an internet-based databank created to improve the basis for evidence-based policy making. It is a worldwide stock-taking exercise of employment-related projects for youth documenting programme design, implementation and results. As of May 2014, it includes 730 projects in 110 countries.

[The authors] discuss [the] findings against the background of the current setup of Germany's development policy to derive recommendations for potential change. Germany's development policy currently adopts an integrated, three-dimensional approach aimed at integrating three key dimensions to promote youth employment. Because important insights have already been incorporated in this setup, [the authors] conclude that major changes are not needed. However, some general principles should be thoroughly and consistently implemented throughout Germany's development policy. For example, there should be a strict orientation with respect to programme effectiveness as higher spending levels do not necessarily imply higher effectiveness or larger impact. [The authors'] results also highlight the fact that interventions should always be chosen carefully and context-specifically. It does not seem sufficient to simply design and implement interventions that are combined, integrated and multi-dimensional. Effective delivery, implementation and governance are crucial elements in this context, too.

Edited excerpts from publication. Show less

This study aims at exploring international student financing practices by means of private contributions (e.g. tuition fees) and student financial support policies in the wider perspective of higher education policies as well as concerning their impact on student behaviour and the effectiveness, efficiency and equity in higher education. In this report a number of national systems of student financing will be presented. Next to an overview of the national systems of tuition fees, grants, scholarships, loans and forms of indirect support, also policy rationales and the developments will be discussed. The study will also pay particular attention to the impact of such developments on access to and affordability of higher education (evidence based policy). In addition, it will be analysed to what extent the mentioned student financing policies serve more general policy objectives in terms of general steering philosophies, equal access, quality, study success and internationalisation. Based on such an overall picture, policy lessons and recommendations can be formulated for the current policy debate on student financing in the Netherlands.

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This paper uses a case study of the development of German vocational training policy to address open questions in the emerging literature on partisan politics in the political economy of education and training. So far, this literature has not systematically incorporated the role of vocational training in models of policy preferences and partisan strategies. This research gap is consequential, because in particular for the electoral constituencies of leftist parties, the expansion of educational opportunities in vocational education and training is an attractive policy option. By tracing the development of German vocational training policy since the 1970s, [the author aims] to answer two research questions: First, can systematic differences between governments led by social democrats and by Christian democrats be observed? Second, comparing the 1970s with the recent period, do social democrats in government pursue different policies, suggesting that they have become the party of labour market insiders as has been recently suggested by the work of David Rueda (2005, 2006, 2007)? [The author] finds support for both hypotheses.

Published abstract.

This is a preliminary draft. Do not cite or circulate without the author's permission. Show less

The governance of skills systems has always raised a number of challenges for governments. Being at the intersection of education, labour market, industrial and other policy domains, managing skills policies is inherently complex. Addressing these challenges is more than ever crucial as globalisation, technological progress and demographic change are putting daunting pressures on skills systems to ensure that all members of society are equipped with the skills necessary to thrive in a rapidly changing world. This report provides advice on how to make the governance of skills systems effective. Building on the OECD Skills Strategy 2019 [available in VOCEDplus at TD/TNC 136.771], which identified four main challenges of skills systems governance, the report presents examples of how six different countries (Estonia, Germany, Korea, Norway, Portugal and the United States) have responded to one or several of these challenges. It also outlines concrete policy recommendations together with a self-assessment tool which provides guidance to policy makers and stakeholders for designing better skills systems that deliver better skills outcomes.

Excerpt from publisher's website. Show less

The purpose of the study is to investigate and assess the existing pathways for identification of labour and skill shortages, as well as linking labour market needs and labour immigration policy development based on the experience within and outside the European Union (EU). The study aims at placing migration within a broader strategic economic and employment policy discourse and overall aims of boosting growth and competitiveness. The publication addresses three main research questions: how can policymakers assess current and anticipate future skills and labour shortages?; when are these shortages to be addressed through labour immigration?; and whether and how can labour market analysis be linked to the development of labour immigration policy to ensure timely, accurate and relevant reflection of labour market needs in admission regulations for the economic migrants?

In order to investigate these issues, [the authors] conducted seven country case studies intended to capture the various strategies and lessons learnt in Australia, Canada, Germany, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. This publication presents the findings of these country reports, as well as the summary of the comparative analysis for policy development purposes.

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