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There is controversy regarding trends over time in the association between social origins and educational outcomes in the UK. An explanation may lie in different methods of analysis. This article provides new evidence about trends in inequality between the 1980s and 2010s and informs the debate about the conceptualisation and operationalisation of social origins. It expands the multidimensional conceptualisation of social origins proposed by Bukodi and Goldthorpe (2013) by adding a separate indicator of family income to those of class, status and education of parents. Results from two UK age cohorts born in 1970 (BCS70) and 1989/90 (Next Steps) show that social class, social status, education and income all have independent effects on educational attainment and can show different patterns of stability or variability over time. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of transitions to upper secondary education for a more comprehensive understanding of inequalities in educational progression and attainment.

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The study investigated skilled labour requirement in the construction industry of Edo State. The study aimed at assessing the current state of the construction industry's skilled workforce, causes and prevalence of skilled labour shortage and the effect of skilled labour shortage in construction project delivery. The method employed for collection of data includes distribution of structured questionnaires. The data collected were analyzed using frequency tables, percentages, mean response analysis, relative importance index and cross tabulation. The research identified the most severe factors responsible for labour shortage to include: no clear [career] path; high mobility of construction workers; and low wages. The study found that construction firms are not sending their skilled workforce for training, and that the skilled workers are unwilling to recommend the profession to their children. The research revealed that the construction firms were paying extra money for labour, and schedule delay in their construction programmes as a result of skilled labour shortage. The study found aging workforce in the construction trades sampled, and that the entrance of young people into the construction trades was very low.

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This booklet is a guide to national vocational qualifications (NVQs), how they work and what effects they will have on individuals or employers in UK. Show less

This research report contains an abstract of the outcomes of research that was conducted in the years 2007 among students in colleges in Iceland. The data was gathered with questionnaire surveys in 2007, and this abstract was made by [Icelandic Social Research and Analysis] ICSRA at the request of the ministry in the spring of 2010. In the questionnaires, the attention was on a great number of factors in the lives of these students. Since this research began in Iceland, data has been gathered that gives a clear picture of the circumstances, wellbeing, health and social situation of youth. The focus is on the relations between student and their parents and family, on the relations with peers and friends, and their ideas and angle on the studies and school. In addition to that, work along with studies is dealt with among college students, as well as diet, exercise and mental condition, both among family and friends, and the peers and at school. Also loneliness and bullying, social activities, participation in sports, and about various leisure activities among older students, such as going to coffee houses, parties, and entertainment culture; about bands, concerts and theatre; about reading and writing poetry, and much more. In the year 2000, the Icelandic Ministry of Education, Science and Culture in collaboration with ICSRA, did also conduct research among college students, as well as the years 2004 and 2007. This report focuses on comparing with the surveys from 2000 and 2004, but one can regard the survey Icelandic Youth as being a direct continuation of those.

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There are two ways to register for the [Australian Vocational Education and Training Management Information Statistical Standard] AVETMISS Validation Software (AVS). This document describes the most appropriate registration method for registered training organisations.

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This user guide has been developed for users of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) data. It consolidates existing technical documentation and other information into one document. The guide aims to address all aspects of LSAY data including: how to access the data, data restrictions, variable naming conventions, the structure of the data, documentation, classifications and code frames used, weights and derived variables. Show less

Training is of growing importance to companies or institutions seeking to gain an advantage among competitors. There is significant debate among professionals and scholars as to the effect that training has on both employee and organizational goals. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of training and development practices on employee's productivity in the public service, a case of the ministry of Interior and National Coordination Kakamega Central Sub County. The study was conducted in two divisions that make up Kakamega Central Sub-county that is Lurambi and municipality with five locations namely; South, Butsotso, Central, Butsotso East, Bukhungu and Shieywe location with a population of 250 employees. Out of 250 employees, the study targeted 20 per cent. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. The collected data was organized under different variables and the frequencies established. Percentages and tables were calculated to allow for the use of descriptive statistics. The results were then presented in the frequency tables. The second level of the data analysis involved inferential statistics where Karl Pearson's correlation was used to establish the relationship among the variables. The findings showed that some, (40 per cent) of the employees had training while majority (60 per cent) had not been given any training. The research also revealed that majority of the employees (70 per cent) did not know the criteria used to select employees for training. The study further established that overwhelming majority of the respondents (84 per cent) believed that training has positive effect on their performance. The study therefore recommends that the ministry reviews its training and development policy through evaluation of training for its effectiveness.

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Gallup has partnered with Amazon Future Engineer, Amazon's global philanthropic computer science education program, to create the Careers of the Future Index (CFI). The public database aims to provide young adults and their advisers with transparent and useful data about the economic prospects of careers in the United States, and to inform industry and other stakeholders looking to invest in young adults' career pathways. The CFI references US Census Bureau occupational classifications to provide a summary measure of each career's economic prospects. The CFI combines the most recent career-level data on income, job growth, job vacancies per job seeker and automation risk to convey the economic strengths and weaknesses of various career paths. The goal is to highlight careers that both pay well and are likely to be available to applicants - now and in the future.

This report summarizes the methods used to create the Gallup-Amazon CFI database and describes insights stemming from it. A more detailed description of the methods used to construct the index is provided in the background section of this report.

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Skills development for employability and citizenship is a key aspect of Education for All (EFA) and a major contributor to sustainable development. This paper examines why technical and vocational education and training (TVET) is becoming increasingly important world wide; the need to develop new education paradigms for TVET which meet the pressing and far reaching requirements of radically changing, modernising and globalising societies in the Asia region, as they seek to move from the industrial to the information age; and, the importance of developing and implementing innovative approaches to vocational skills development for employability and sustainable development to achieve positive, concrete, long-term results. The paper concludes by referring to some research studies undertaken by UNESCO to improve data collection on TVET-related matters; and the importance of paying more attention to training the TVET trainers.

Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.

Volumes of papers are indexed at TD/TNC 90.162 and TD/TNC 90.163. Selected individual papers are indexed from TD/TNC 90.164 to TD/TNC 90.211. Show less

This report was produced for a Working Group established by the Australian National Training Authority Research Advisory Council (ANTARAC). The report reviews the statistical data for research into vocational education and training (VET), necessitated by rapid changes in the VET sector, the introduction of new data collections relating to VET and initiatives to expand and focus on research on VET. It involved considerations of VET policy concerns, the major statistical data collections, a survey of and interviews with researchers who are extensive data users, the data problems in four major research areas (transition between education and work, costs and benefits of VET, private providers and small business), and discussions on developments with national data collection agencies. The authors conclude that it is not the time to initiate new VET data collections, but to make better use of the data that are available. Show less