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Skill achievement and returns in developing countries: evidence from adult skills surveys

Using novel adult skills surveys, this article analyses cross-country patterns in skill achievement and labour mark ... Show more
Using novel adult skills surveys, this article analyses cross-country patterns in skill achievement and labour market returns, comparing the outcomes for a subset of developing countries with the results previously found for high-income economies. Apart from displaying lower average cognitive skills, developing countries also exhibit wider disparities in levels of skills by subgroups of educational attainment, gender, and parental education. Meanwhile, baseline estimates of returns to skills reveal that a one-standard deviation increase in literacy skills is associated with an earnings increase of 14.6 per cent in developing countries, which is statistically indistinguishable from the average returns of 17.7 estimated for developed countries. Nonetheless, there is considerable heterogeneity in the returns across developing countries, with the lowest estimates found in Armenia and Ukraine at 2 per cent (not statistically significant) and 6 per cent, respectively, and the highest reported in Kenya at above 30 per cent. Differences in the type of employment opportunities and the degree of employment selection in these labour markets are important determinants of the observed gap in returns. International comparisons of returns should take this into consideration.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Authors: Chua, Kenn

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Armenia; Bolivia; Colombia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Article

Journal title: European journal of education: research, development and policy

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Employment; Income
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More than schooling: understanding gender differences in the labor market when measures of skill are available

This paper uses measures of cognitive and noncognitive skills in an expanded definition of human capital to examine ... Show more
This paper uses measures of cognitive and noncognitive skills in an expanded definition of human capital to examine how schooling and skills differ between men and women and how those differences relate to gender gaps in earnings across nine middle-income countries. The analysis finds that post-secondary schooling and cognitive skills are more important for women's earnings at the lower end and middle of the earnings distribution, and that men and women have positive returns to openness to new experiences and risk-taking behavior and negative returns to hostile attribution bias. Especially at the lower end of the earnings distribution, women are disadvantaged not so much by having lower human capital than men, but by institutional factors such as wage structures that reward women's human capital systematically less than men's.
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Authors: Gunewardena, Dileni; King, Elizabeth M.; Valerio, Alexandria

Date: 2018

Geographic subjects: Ukraine; Serbia; Armenia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: World Bank policy research working paper

Subjects: Gender; Skills and knowledge; Labour market ... [+] Show more
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Exploring policy options on teleworking: steering local economic and employment development in the time of remote work

This paper explores and classifies some of the most common policy options adopted by national, regional and local p ... Show more
This paper explores and classifies some of the most common policy options adopted by national, regional and local policy makers in the context of or prior to the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pandemic to enable, encourage and make the most of teleworking. It also considers efforts to foster the attraction and retention of remote workers and entrepreneurs in particular places. The current crisis represents, among other things, a mass experiment in teleworking, unprecedented in size and scope. A shift towards large-scale, long-lasting teleworking would have profound implications for the geography of local employment. However, [small and medium enterprises] SMEs may be less equipped than larger firms to face this change. Public policy can play an important role in turning teleworking into an opportunity for all, to minimise the potential of widening pre-existing disparities between people, places and firms.
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Authors: Corbetta, Mattia

Date: 2020

Geographic subjects: Europe;

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working paper

Subjects: Employment; Industry; Participation ... [+] Show more
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Designing teacher career structures and evaluating staff performance

A major question for governments is how to reshape the teaching profession and make teaching an attractive career c ... Show more
A major question for governments is how to reshape the teaching profession and make teaching an attractive career choice for today's youth. A close examination of the organization and management of teacher careers can provide useful insights into how to make teaching more appealing as a career. A number of countries have reformed their teacher career structures over the past decades, and others foresee introducing changes in the near future. To benefit from their experience, between 2016 and 2018 IIEP looked into the organization and management of teacher careers in Colombia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Lithuania, Mexico, New York City, Peru, Scotland, South Africa, and Thailand. The research findings aim to provide policy-makers and governments with a variety of options with regard to the design of teacher careers, highlighting management implications as well as perceived effects of teacher career reforms on teacher motivation, attraction, and retention. This brief is part of a series of four. It highlights key lessons to consider and main pitfalls to avoid when designing teacher career structures and related evaluation modalities.
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Authors: Chimier, Chloe; Tournier, Barbara; Childress, David

Date: 2019

Geographic subjects: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Management of teachers (UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning)

Subjects: Providers of education and training; Income; Employment ... [+] Show more
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Why reform teacher careers and what models are emerging?

A major question for governments is how to reshape the teaching profession and make teaching an attractive career c ... Show more
A major question for governments is how to reshape the teaching profession and make teaching an attractive career choice for today's youth. A close examination of the organization and management of teacher careers can provide useful insights into how to make teaching more appealing as a career. A number of countries have reformed their teacher career structures over the past decades, and others foresee introducing changes in the near future. To benefit from their experience, between 2016 and 2018 IIEP looked into the organization and management of teacher careers in Colombia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Lithuania, Mexico, New York City, Peru, Scotland, South Africa, and Thailand. The research findings aim to provide policy-makers and governments with a variety of options with regard to the design of teacher careers, highlighting management implications as well as perceived effects of teacher career reforms on teacher motivation, attraction, and retention. This brief is part of a series of four. It analyses the main drivers behind teacher career reforms and presents emerging models of career organization.
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Authors: Chimier, Chloe; Tournier, Barbara

Date: 2019

Geographic subjects: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Management of teachers (UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning)

Subjects: Employment; Policy; Providers of education and training ... [+] Show more
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Accounting for mismatch in low- and middle-income countries: measurement, magnitudes, and explanations

To stimulate economic advancement, low- and middle-income countries need well-educated and trained workforces to fi ... Show more
To stimulate economic advancement, low- and middle-income countries need well-educated and trained workforces to fill the types of skilled jobs that drive economic growth. Improving educational quality and attainment and providing better training are all rightly put forth as policy recommendations to leverage economic growth and job creation. However, new findings based on large scale surveys of adult skills from the World Bank Group's STEP (Skills toward Employment and Productivity) Skills Measurement Program suggest that many workers are overqualified for their current jobs (based on the education those jobs require). The results of this study suggest that countries may not reap as much benefit from their investments in quality education and training if weak job creation leaves workers' skills underutilized. Most of the literature on mismatch focuses on higher-income countries and rates of over-education among college graduates.
This publication uses new STEP Skills Survey data from 12 low- and middle-income countries, representing a range of economic and educational and training climates, to better understand the scope and patterns of education and skills mismatch. STEP collects information not only on workers' level of education and employment status, but also on the types, frequency, and durations of tasks they carry out at their jobs as well as some of the cognitive skills they use. The study also explores additional factors such as gender, health, career stage, and participation in the informal labor sector that may help explain the degree of mismatch rates. The study's findings indicate that over-education is common in low and middle income countries with both lower and higher rates of educational attainment. There is also evidence that over-educated tertiary workers do not use all of their skills, potentially wasting valuable human capital and educational resources. The authors suggest that job growth must go hand-in-hand with investments in education and training.
Edited published abstract. Show less

Authors: Handel, Michael J.; Valerio, Alexandria; Sanchez Puerta, Maria Laura

Date: 2016

Geographic subjects: Ghana; Kenya; Africa ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Directions in development

Subjects: Employment; Skills and knowledge; Economics ... [+] Show more
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How do teachers perceive career structure reforms and how does this affect the profession?

A major question for governments is how to reshape the teaching profession and make teaching an attractive career c ... Show more
A major question for governments is how to reshape the teaching profession and make teaching an attractive career choice for today's youth. A close examination of the organization and management of teacher careers can provide useful insights into how to make teaching more appealing as a career. A number of countries have reformed their teacher career structures over the past decades, and others foresee introducing changes in the near future. To benefit from their experience, between 2016 and 2018 IIEP looked into the organization and management of teacher careers in Colombia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Lithuania, Mexico, New York City, Peru, Scotland, South Africa, and Thailand. The research findings aim to provide policy-makers and governments with a variety of options with regard to the design of teacher careers, highlighting management implications as well as perceived effects of teacher career reforms on teacher motivation, attraction, and retention. This brief is part of a series of four. It analyses the perceived effects that teacher career reforms have on teacher motivation, attraction, and retention.
Published abstract. Show less

Authors: Chimier, Chloe; Tournier, Barbara

Date: 2019

Geographic subjects: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Management of teachers (UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning)

Subjects: Workforce development; Providers of education and training; Income ... [+] Show more
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Who are the bachelor's and master's graduates?

Graduation rates for bachelor's and master's degrees have dramatically increased over the past two decades, with si ... Show more
Graduation rates for bachelor's and master's degrees have dramatically increased over the past two decades, with six million bachelor's degrees and three million master's degrees awarded in OECD countries in 2013. Although women represent over half of the graduates at the bachelor's and master's level, they are still strikingly under-represented in the fields of sciences and engineering. The proportion of international students rises with every level of tertiary education: while seven per cent of bachelor's graduates were international students in 2013, the figure increases to 18 per cent among those awarded a master's degree.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Corporate authors: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Date: 2016

Geographic subjects: Africa; Europe; Middle East ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD education indicators in focus

Subjects: Qualifications; Demographics; Gender ... [+] Show more
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Education, skills and labor market outcomes: results from large-scale adult skills surveys in urban areas in 12 countries

In recent years, skills development has become a priority among developed and developing countries alike. The data ... Show more
In recent years, skills development has become a priority among developed and developing countries alike. The data in this publication were gathered through the implementation of the the Skills Towards Employability and Productivity (STEP) Skills Measurement Program, which sponsored large-scale skills surveys of adult populations residing in urban areas in 12 low- and middle-income countries. STEP has been implemented in waves, the first surveys being implemented in seven countries in 2012 (Bolivia, Colombia, Ghana, Lao PDR, Ukraine, Vietnam, and the Yunnan Province in China), and the second in five countries in 2013 (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kenya, and Macedonia FYR). The data presented in this publication correspond to these countries. A third wave is currently under implementation in Serbia, Kosovo, Libya, and the Philippines.
This publication looks at the STEP household survey data through the lenses of educational attainment. It illustrates the similarities and differences among groups that have completed different education levels on a wide range of issues and outcomes. Section one analyzes the trajectory of skills acquisition: participation in early childhood education programs, educational attainment by gender, and participation in training and apprenticeship programs. Section two explores background conditions associated with educational attainment, including the socioeconomic status of survey respondents at age 15, the educational attainment of their parents, their households' asset levels, their health (as expressed by the presence of chronic illness), and their overall satisfaction with life. Sections three to five look at skill levels as reported by survey respondents. Section three covers cognitive skills: writing, numeracy, and reading (which is also evaluated through a direct reading assessment). Section four covers job-relevant skills, which are task-specific and which respondents possess or use on the job. Section five covers socio-emotional skills, using established metrics to measure personality and behavior. Finally, section six covers the status of survey respondents in the labor market: whether they are employed, unemployed, or inactive. For the employed, this section also includes information on respondents' opinions regarding the usefulness of their studies in their current job as well as information about those who own a business.
Edited excerpts from publication. Show less

Authors: Roseth, Viviana V.; Valerio, Alexandria; Gutierrez, Marcela

Date: 2016

Geographic subjects: Bolivia; Colombia; Ghana ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Outcomes; Research ... [+] Show more
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Implementing teacher career structure reform

A major question for governments is how to reshape the teaching profession and make teaching an attractive career c ... Show more
A major question for governments is how to reshape the teaching profession and make teaching an attractive career choice for today's youth. A close examination of the organization and management of teacher careers can provide useful insights into how to make teaching more appealing as a career. A number of countries have reformed their teacher career structures over the past decades, and others foresee introducing changes in the near future. To benefit from their experience, between 2016 and 2018 IIEP looked into the organization and management of teacher careers in Colombia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Lithuania, Mexico, New York City, Peru, Scotland, South Africa, and Thailand. The research findings aim to provide policy-makers and governments with a variety of options with regard to the design of teacher careers, highlighting management implications as well as perceived effects of teacher career reforms on teacher motivation, attraction, and retention. This brief is part of a series of four. It analyses the implementation phase of career structure reforms, illustrating key factors contributing to the successes and setbacks of the highlighted systems.
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Authors: Chimier, Chloe; Tournier, Barbara; Childress, David

Date: 2019

Geographic subjects: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Management of teachers (UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning)

Subjects: Workforce development; Providers of education and training; Policy ... [+] Show more

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