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How generative AI is transforming business and society: the good, the bad, and everything in between

Generative [artificial intelligence] AI is the latest in a long line of revolutionary technologies that have reshap... Show more
Generative [artificial intelligence] AI is the latest in a long line of revolutionary technologies that have reshaped society over the past several centuries. This report aims to examine the attitudes, perceptions, and misperceptions surrounding generative AI. It is based on a survey of more than 25,000 people across the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, China (Hong Kong), India, Indonesia, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, and Australia.
The findings highlight the confusion many people feel. While 96 per cent of employees said they believe AI can help them in their current job, 60 per cent are afraid it will eventually automate them out of work. Some 55 per cent of employees use generative AI at least once a week at work, but 61 per cent of users do not find it very trustworthy. Of those 61 per cent, 40 per cent would nevertheless use it to help them make big financial decisions, and 30 per cent would share more personal data for a better experience. Amid the confusion however there is a growing consensus around the world that the influence of generative AI on both the workplace and the consumer economy will be massive.
The report concludes that it is yet to become clear exactly how generative AI will transform the world, only that it will, with both positive and negative effects on individuals, families, socioeconomic groups, businesses, industries, and societies as it revolutionizes workplaces and reorders personal lives. Business and government leaders will decide how much of the development will be open-sourced and transparent versus closed-sourced and proprietary. Regulators will decide the pace and breadth of the action. Consumers and workers will be central in the technology's adoption and will help determine how quickly the benefits are captured.
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Authors: Kreacic, Ana; Lasater-Wille, Amy; Uribe, Lucia; Jesuthasan, Ravin ... [+] Show more

Date: 2024

Geographic subjects: United States; Canada; Mexico ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Employment; Economics; Culture and society ... [+] Show more
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Smart manufacturing and tasks automation in the steel industry: reflecting on routine work and skills in Industry 4.0

This article presents the findings of research on the European steel industry as it transitions toward Industry 4.0... Show more
This article presents the findings of research on the European steel industry as it transitions toward Industry 4.0. Drawing on data generated through semi-structured interviews, the authors reflect on the distinction between routine and non-routine work which has informed much recent research on technology effects on jobs. First, they propose to distinguish between 'deterministic' and 'probabilistic' technological approaches, the latter illustrative of the Industry 4.0 model and characterised by the use of algorithms and statistical learning. Next, the authors maintain that jobs that have been labelled as 'routine' may entail a range of tasks that Industry 4.0 technologies remain unable to entirely automatise, which has led to broadening skillsets and a prominence acquired by transversal skills. Hence, the authors suggest overcoming the routine/non-routine dichotomy and deterministic assumptions on workers' substitution in favour of a continuum-based conceptualisation of tasks and a more nuanced investigation of technology effects.
Published abstract.
Forthcoming article first published online 17 October 2023 by Sage Publications. Show less

Authors: Antonazzo, Luca; Stroud, Dean; Weinel, Martin

Date: 2023

Geographic subjects: Europe; Germany; Spain ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Economic and industrial democracy

Subjects: Technology; Employment; Industry
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Not lost in translation: the implications of machine translation technologies for language professionals and for broader society

The paper discusses the implications of recent advances in artificial intelligence for knowledge workers, focusing ... Show more
The paper discusses the implications of recent advances in artificial intelligence for knowledge workers, focusing on possible complementarities and substitution between machine translation tools and language professionals. The emergence of machine translation tools could enhance social welfare through enhanced opportunities for inter-language communication but also create new threats because of persisting low levels of accuracy and quality in the translation output. The paper uses data on online job vacancies to map the evolution of the demand for language professionals between 2015 and 2019 in 10 countries and illustrates the set of skills that are considered important by employers seeking to hire language professionals through job vacancies posted online.
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Authors: Borgonovi, Francesca; Herve, Justine; Seitz, Helke

Date: 2023

Geographic subjects: Europe; Oceania; Asia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD social, employment and migration working papers

Subjects: Language; Technology; Skills and knowledge ... [+] Show more
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Skills for the digital transition: assessing recent trends using big data

This report presents the most recent trends in the labour market demand for digital professionals and skills, highl... Show more
This report presents the most recent trends in the labour market demand for digital professionals and skills, highlighting where bottlenecks are emerging and policy action is - and will be - needed to support individuals who aim to thrive in the digital transition. The report analyses a wide range of digital occupations and the associated skill and technology demands using a unique set of data collected from millions of job postings published online in Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore and Spain. The evidence contained in this report is key for governments to design targeted retraining and upskilling policies, and for workers to fully benefit from the digital transition.
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Authors: Manca, Fabio; Oses Arranz, Ainhoa

Date: 2022

Geographic subjects: United States; Canada; North America ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Labour market; Skills and knowledge; Technology
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Artificial intelligence and employment: new evidence from occupations most exposed to AI

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in areas like information ordering, mem... Show more
In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in areas like information ordering, memorisation, perceptual speed, and deductive reasoning - all of which are related to non-routine, cognitive tasks. As a result, the occupations that have been most exposed to advances in, and automation by, AI have tended to be high-skilled, white-collar ones, including: business professionals; managers; science and engineering professionals; and legal, social and cultural professionals. This contrasts with the impact of previous automating technologies, that have tended to take over primarily routine tasks performed by lower-skilled workers. New OECD research finds that, over the period 2012-19, greater exposure to AI was associated with higher employment in occupations where computer use is high. This suggests that workers who have strong digital skills may have a greater ability to adapt to and use AI at work and, hence, to reap the benefits that these technologies bring. By contrast, there is some indication that higher exposure to AI is associated with lower growth in average hours worked in occupations where computer use is low. On the whole, these findings suggest that the adoption of AI may increase labour market disparities between workers who have the skills to use AI effectively and those who do not. Making sure that workers have the right skills to work with new technologies is therefore a key policy challenge.
Excerpt from publication. Show less

Authors: Broecke, Stijn

Date: 2021

Geographic subjects: Austria;

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD policy brief on the future of work

Subjects: Technology; Employment; Industry ... [+] Show more
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What happened to jobs at high risk of automation?

The OECD has estimated that 14 per cent of jobs are at high risk of automation. Despite this, employment grew in ne... Show more
The OECD has estimated that 14 per cent of jobs are at high risk of automation. Despite this, employment grew in nearly all OECD countries over the period 2012-2019. At the country level, a higher risk of automation was associated with higher employment growth over the period. This might be because automation promotes employment growth by increasing productivity, although other factors are also at play. At the occupational level, however, employment growth was much lower in occupations at high risk of automation (6 per cent) than in occupations at low risk (18 per cent). Low-educated workers were more concentrated in high-risk occupations in 2012 and have become even more concentrated in these occupations since then. The low growth in jobs in high risk occupations has not led to a drop in the employment rate of low-educated workers. This is largely because the number of workers with a low education has fallen in line with the demand for these workers. Going forward, however, the risk of automation is increasingly falling on low-educated workers and the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 crisis is likely to accelerate automation, as companies reduce reliance on human labour and contact between workers, or re-shore some production.
Excerpt from publication. Show less

Authors: Scarpetta, Stefano; Pearson, Mark

Date: 2021

Geographic subjects: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD policy brief on the future of work

Subjects: Employment; Technology; Demographics ... [+] Show more
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The learning basis of automated factories: the case of FIAT

This paper is part of a study on the impact of automation on training. The study concentrates on the skills require... Show more
This paper is part of a study on the impact of automation on training. The study concentrates on the skills required of middle-level technical workers. Show less

Authors: Oliveira, Joao Batista Araujo e

Date: 1991

Geographic subjects: Asia; South America; Europe ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: ILO discussion papers

Subjects: Employment; Technology; Industry ... [+] Show more
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Skill shift: automation and the future of the workforce

Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are changing the nature of work. In this discussion paper, part of our ... Show more
Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are changing the nature of work. In this discussion paper, part of our ongoing research on the impact of technology on the economy, business, and society, we present new findings on the coming shifts in demand for workforce skills and how work is organized within companies, as people increasingly interact with machines in the workplace. We quantify time spent on 25 core workplace skills today and in the future for the United States and five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK), with a particular focus on five sectors: banking and insurance, energy and mining, healthcare, manufacturing, and retail. The main themes of the discussion are: How will demand for workforce skills change with automation?; Shifting skill requirements in five sectors; How will organizations adapt?; Building the workforce of the future.
Edited excerpts from publication and publisher's website. Show less

Authors: Bughin, Jacques; Hazan, Eric; Lund, Susan; Dahlstrom, Peter ... [+] Show more

Date: 2018

Geographic subjects: Europe; France; Germany ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Technology; Workforce development ... [+] Show more
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Algorithmic management practices in regular workplaces: case studies in logistics and healthcare

The objective of this study is to understand better the algorithmic management practices adopted by regular workpla... Show more
The objective of this study is to understand better the algorithmic management practices adopted by regular workplaces. We investigate the degree of penetration and impact of algorithmic management on work organisation, job quality and industrial relations focusing on the logistics and healthcare sectors. The report focuses in these two sectors because the logistics sector has been at the forefront of digital transformation and has been deploying algorithmic management practices in regular workspaces. Similarly, digital technologies are revolutionising the healthcare sector, and there has been a significant rise in investments in digital health in the aftermath of [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pandemic. The research has been conducted in two European countries (Italy and France) and two non-European countries (India and South Africa), allowing for a comparative analysis across countries with different levels of development.
We show that algorithmic management is widely present in traditional sectors, with benefits in terms of streamlining and simplification of work processes and efficiency gains. The implications of these new forms of work for work organisation and working conditions are also discussed. We show significant challenges in terms of potential deterioration of job quality as well as concerns regarding the strong potential for worker surveillance.
Published abstract. Show less

Authors: Rani, Uma; Pesole, Annarosa; Gonzalez Vazquez, Ignacio

Date: 2024

Geographic subjects: Italy; France; Europe ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: JRC science for policy report

Subjects: Industry; Employment; Management ... [+] Show more
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Risk of job automation and participation in adult education and training: do welfare regimes matter?

This study explores the relation between risk of job automation and participation in adult education and training (... Show more
This study explores the relation between risk of job automation and participation in adult education and training (AET) and examines variation in that relation across welfare regimes distinguishing between situational and institutional barriers. Using microdata of [Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies] PIAAC, we analyze participation in formal or nonformal AET for job-related reasons in relation to the risk of automation of the respondents' occupation after controlling for main sociodemographic characteristics. Logistic regression models are run on respondents from 14 European countries representing different welfare regimes: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (Scandinavian countries); Italy, Greece, and Spain (Southern European); Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland (Central and Eastern Europe), Belgium, France, and Germany (Continental); and United Kingdom and Ireland (Anglo-Saxon countries). Our findings confirm that workers in occupations at high risk of automation were found to be consistently less likely to participate in job-related AET, quite irrespective of welfare regime.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Authors: Ioannidou, Alexandra; Parma, Andrea

Date: 2022

Geographic subjects: Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Adult education quarterly

Subjects: Employment; Technology; Participation ... [+] Show more

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