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When Citi and the Oxford Martin School co-wrote the first Technology at Work Citi GPS report in 2015 it highlighted how technology, including automation, robotics, digitization and [Artificial Intelligence] AI, was sweeping through many industries, but with it came a growing risk to jobs - Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne' s analysis at the Oxford Martin School highlighted that 47 per cent of U.S. employment was susceptible to automation and has been called one of the most influential studies of our time. By the time Technology at Work 2 had been written in 2016, we (together with the World Bank) identified employment risks averaged 57 per cent in the OECD, including India at 69 per cent and China at 77 per cent. Many articles and books since then have warned about this growing threat and it's easy to see automation impacting jobs all around us, yet a decade on from the Great Financial Crisis we have record high employment levels across many OECD countries. So is the fear over-hyped? As the next generation prepares to enter the world of work, are there also big employment opportunities to offset the risks?

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Produced by the Oxford Martin School and Citi, this report provides in-depth analysis of the impact of automation and e-commerce on retail industries worldwide. It looks at the technology needed to automate orders, inventories and deliveries when consumers shop online and examines the implications for industry, retailers, supply chains, and transportation, while also investigating the impact on labour and employment. The report estimates that 80 per cent of jobs in transportation, warehousing, and logistics are susceptible to automation as a consequence of the trends observed in technology and predicts that retail employment will be the most affected.

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This report, the sixth edition in the Citi GPS Technology at Work series, looks at how the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pandemic may have pushed advanced economies into an era where not only manufacturing jobs get outsourced and automated, but service jobs do as well. This is a world where emerging markets no longer look to manufacturing as a stepping stone to prosperity, and instead use technological advances to attract offshore service jobs such as accounting and banking.

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