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Migrating to opportunity: overcoming barriers to labor mobility in Southeast Asia

The movement of people in Southeast Asia is an issue of increasing importance. Countries of the Association of Sout... Show more
The movement of people in Southeast Asia is an issue of increasing importance. Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are now the origin of 8 per cent of the world's migrants. These countries host only 4 percent of the world's migrants but intra-regional migration has turned Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand into regional migration hubs that are home to 6.5 million ASEAN migrants. However, significant international and domestic labor mobility costs limit the ability of workers to change firms, sectors, and geographies in ASEAN. This report takes an innovative approach to estimate the costs for workers to migrate internationally. Singapore and Malaysia have the lowest international labor mobility costs in ASEAN while workers migrating to Myanmar and Vietnam have the highest costs. Singapore and Malaysia's more developed migration systems are a key reason for their lower labor mobility costs. How easily workers can move to take advantage of new opportunities is important in determining how they fare under the increased economic integration planned for ASEAN. To study this question, the report simulates how worker welfare is affected by enhanced trade integration under different scenarios of labor mobility costs. Region-wide, worker welfare would be 14 per cent higher if barriers to mobility were reduced for skilled workers and an additional 29 per cent if barriers to mobility were lowered for all workers. Weaknesses in migration systems increase international labor mobility costs, but policy reforms can help. Destination countries should work toward systems that are responsive to economic needs and consistent with domestic policies. Sending countries should balance protections for migrant workers with the needs of economic development.
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Authors: Testaverde, Mauro; Moroz, Harry; Hollweg, Claire H.; Schmillen, Achim

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Asia; Bangladesh; Brunei ... [+] Show more Hong Kong (China)">Hong Kong (China); (South)">Korea (South); [-] Show less

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Migration; Employment; Outcomes ... [+] Show more
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Comparative study of vocational, technical education and training system in Myanmar, England and Germany: lessons learned for developing countries

There are several issues and problems that most countries are facing, such as energy crisis, environmental impacts,... Show more
There are several issues and problems that most countries are facing, such as energy crisis, environmental impacts, poverty and lack of human resources. In this regard, governments, international organisations and non-profit organisations are willing to cooperate to overcome the global challenges and threats. Based on collective efforts to find the best solutions, the elites, who are responsible for the policy matters of developing countries, are starting to recognise the importance of human resource development through technical and vocational education and training [VTET] because it is believed to be the master key to unlock the above mentioned issues. This paper was based on a comparative study of the TVET systems in industrial countries such as England and Germany, and with Myanmar. Based on this comparison, the suthor intends the recommendations to be used to improve TVET in Myanmar and other developing countries.
Excerpt of published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Authors: Thu, Kyaw Htin Si

Date: 2008

Geographic subjects: Asia; Great Britain; Europe ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Journal for vocational and technical education and training

Subjects: Workforce development; Research; Policy ... [+] Show more
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ASEAN Economic Community 2015: enhancing competitiveness and employability through skill development

The paper provides an overview of the training and education systems, institutions and policy frameworks in the [As... Show more
The paper provides an overview of the training and education systems, institutions and policy frameworks in the [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] ASEAN countries, including the extent of equity and inclusion (of women, youth, rural populations, etc.). And it presents a review of recent quantitative metrics in public and private investment in education and training as well as indicators related to staffing and capacity of teachers and trainers. In addition, the paper looks at the challenges confronting the education and training systems of ASEAN countries, such as the quality of education professionals, the relevance of curricula, links between industry and training systems (including labour market information and employment services, youth apprenticeships and on-the-job training) and lifelong learning. It also introduces the issue of skills certification and portability and mutual recognition arrangements.
Emerging skill requirements in ASEAN countries associated with deeper regional integration, structural change and new production patterns are highlighted, and the capacity of ASEAN countries to meet these emerging labour market demands domestically and within the region as production moves away from agriculture and into higher-value added industrial and services sectors is assessed. The analyzing was done with a gender perspective, looking at the extent that shifting skills requirements can foster better economic opportunities and prospects for women in ASEAN's labour market. The paper concludes that policy priorities that, if successfully implemented, can help ASEAN reach its goal of becoming a highly competitive economic region by harnessing its human resources. In addition to national policies, areas for regional cooperation among ASEAN countries that would help address the various gaps in human resources and national skills systems are singled out.
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Authors: Aring, Monika

Date: 2015

Geographic subjects: Asia; Brunei; Burma ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: ILO Asia-Pacific working paper series

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Employment; Governance ... [+] Show more
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Developments in technical and vocational education: a comparative study: trends and issues in technical and vocational education

This comparative study, published in 1979, sets out the then current situation and possible future trends for techn... Show more
This comparative study, published in 1979, sets out the then current situation and possible future trends for technical and vocational education (TVET) in twenty-three developing countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burma, Chile, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, India, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, Liberia, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay, Sierra Leone, Thailand, Uganda, Upper Volta and Uruguay. The major goals of this study were to identify major areas where urgent practical measures may be taken to answer immediate education and social needs while at the same time serving longer term development goals and to assist member states in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) to exchange information and share their experiences in TVET. Show less

Corporate authors: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Date: 1979

Geographic subjects: Central America and the Caribbean; Asia; South America ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Outcomes; Research; Policy ... [+] Show more
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Labor mobility as a jobs strategy for Myanmar: strengthening active labor market policies to enhance the benefits of mobility

Jobs are a key ingredient of Myanmar's development. One of the five goals of the Myanmar Sustainable Development Pl... Show more
Jobs are a key ingredient of Myanmar's development. One of the five goals of the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan (2018-2030), a national strategy to inform policies and institutions that drive inclusive and transformational economic growth, is devoted to job creation and private sector-led growth. However, jobseekers in Myanmar are often in different locations than job opportunities, particularly the good ones. As a result, 4.7 million people, or nearly one in ten people, had moved from their usual place of residence in the five years preceding the 2014 Census, most of them migrants for work, moving in search of higher-paying jobs that can support families back home. This report shows how active labor market policies (ALMPs) that aim to generate more and better employment opportunities can be adjusted to the needs of jobseekers on the move. The report examines these adjustments for different types of ALMPs, including training, labor market information, job matching and placement, and financial assistance.
The report is divided into four chapters. The first chapter provides a detailed overview of labor mobility in Myanmar. The second chapter introduces ALMPs in Myanmar with a focus on internal migrants. Chapter 2 covers the legal and institutional framework governing ALMPs and then discusses training, labor market information, job matching and placement, and financial assistance. Areas for improvement and gaps are discussed in each section. Chapter 3 follows this same structure for international migrants. As noted above, conflict is an important challenge for labor markets in Myanmar. Chapters 3 and 4 focus on policies related to labor mobility, including labor mobility motivated by conflict, but they do not address the particular needs of people displaced by conflict. Chapter 4 recommends policy changes that would improve the labor mobility situation in Myanmar and fill the gaps identified in chapters 2 and 3.
Edited excerpts from publication. Show less

Authors: Testaverde, Mauro; Moroz, Harry; Dutta, Puja Vasudeva

Date: 2020

Geographic subjects: Myanmar; Burma; Asia

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Labour market; Employment; Migration ... [+] Show more
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Skills recognition arrangements in the CLMV countries

Skills Recognition Arrangements (SRAs) are mechanisms where skills and knowledge of individuals are being assessed ... Show more
Skills Recognition Arrangements (SRAs) are mechanisms where skills and knowledge of individuals are being assessed and certified for purposes of promotion, transfer of credit, flexible entry (multiple entry-exit), and workforce mobility. SRA is one approach to address the issue of equal access to education and work related opportunities of VTET [vocational technical education and training] studetns and skilled workers in the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organisation (SEAMEO) region, particularly in countries such as Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam (known collectively as the CLMV countries), where SRAs have not been fully established and implemented. SRAs provide a national framework for job skills competentcies, alternative skills acquisition routes and skills certification. The system seeks to strengthen the capabilities of the workforce, enhance performance levels of companies and help increase the competitiveness of goods and services in the global market. In this connection, a research on 'Enhancing Skills Recognition Systems in the CLMV Countries' was undertaken to assist the CLMV countries to improve labour market flexibility to meet emerging needs of industry and promote mobility of skilled workers within and maybe outside the SEAMEO region. As derived from the findings of the said research study and the result of the validation workshop, it was recommended that priority attention should be given to the establishment/enhancement of the critical areas on SRA implementation in CLMV, such as governance, qualifications framework, quality assurance and collaboration/partnership.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Authors: Valles, Milagros Campos

Date: 2006

Geographic subjects: Asia; Cambodia; Burma ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Journal for vocational and technical education and training

Subjects: Assessment; Qualifications; Policy ... [+] Show more
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Lifelong learning in transformation: promising practices in Southeast Asia: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam

This report sheds light on promising lifelong learning practices in 11 countries in the Southeast Asia region. The ... Show more
This report sheds light on promising lifelong learning practices in 11 countries in the Southeast Asia region. The report comprises three main sections: a reflection on lifelong learning in international and national documents, a collection of good practice drawn from the countries' national reports, and a set of common recommendations across these countries. It is hoped that these recommendations followed by guiding questions will stimulate policy dialogue in the region.
Edited excerpt from publisher's website. Show less

Authors: Yorozu, Rika

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Asia; Brunei; Burma ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: UIL publications series on lifelong learning policies and strategies

Subjects: Lifelong learning; Policy; Providers of education and training ... [+] Show more
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Greening of the economy through partnerships: issues and impacts on skills development

The importance of transitioning towards a greener economy, which is part of the sustainable development agenda, has... Show more
The importance of transitioning towards a greener economy, which is part of the sustainable development agenda, has been recognized throughout the world. This chapter analyzed greening initiatives at the regional, government and industry levels to understand the current and desirable role of partnerships for pushing the greening of economies to a new level. Intergovernmental collaboration between [Association of South East Asian Nations] ASEAN countries that deal with environmental issues and countries' initiatives illustrate the ways challenges have been addressed individually and through coordinated efforts. At the industry level, greening measures are also adopted driven by [corporate social responsibility] CSR policies and targets to decrease cost of running operations. The chapter suggests conceptualisation of current and future actions for greening hotels in Hong Kong through a shareholders' value framework enables a clarification of strategies required for improvement in a systematic manner as well as identifying ways in which partnerships between [technical and vocational education and training] TVET and the hotel industry can contribute to innovations for greening. It is a useful tool that allows hotels to focus attention on current and future actions that can bring green development for a company. Although this set of actions has been formulated in the context of Hong Kong, they can provide useful guidelines for the hotel industry throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
Published abstract.
The volume from which this chapter is taken is available in VOCEDplus at TD/TNC 137.1084. Show less

Authors: Pavlova, Margarita

Date: 2019

Geographic subjects: Hong Kong (China); Vietnam; Malaysia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Book chapter

Subjects: Sustainability; Policy; Economics ... [+] Show more
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Status of TVET in relation to Industrial Revolution 4.0 in CPSC member countries

The purpose of this research is to examine and discuss the Industrial Revolution 4.0 [IR 4.0] implementation status... Show more
The purpose of this research is to examine and discuss the Industrial Revolution 4.0 [IR 4.0] implementation status in the [technical and vocational education and training] TVET system of the [Colombo Plan Staff College] CPSC member countries. The study was conducted in 16 CPSC member countries in Asia Pacific. A descriptive survey research design was used where both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were employed. Data collection methods included closed ended questionnaires. In order to analyze the qualitative data, the content analysis method is used to analyze the responses of respondents.
The findings of the study showed that 25 per cent of CPSC member countries have legal policy and framework documents to address the needs of IR 4.0. It is also revealed that 50 per cent of CPSC member countries are directly and indirectly developing new innovative curricula to address the needs of IR 4.0 for the labor market. The findings also identified that all countries are suggesting to build the capacity development programs for trainers as well as to establish new modern labs to address the needs of IR 4.0. The research also suggested that CPSC member countries have to invest strategically to develop innovative strategy towards IR 4.0 and focus on development of new training programs.
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Authors: Rajput, Abdul Ghani

Date: 2020

Geographic subjects: Asia; Oceania; Bangladesh ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Scholarly technical education publication series (STEPS)

Subjects: Industry; Technology; Vocational education and training ... [+] Show more
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International conference: reorienting TVET policy towards education for sustainable development: final report

This publication reports on the [education for sustainable development] ESD review-responsive and future-oriented p... Show more
This publication reports on the [education for sustainable development] ESD review-responsive and future-oriented program on ‘Reorienting TVET policy towards education for sustainable development’, jointly organized by the UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre in Bonn, Germany, InWEnt - Capacity Building International, Germany and Colombo Plan Staff College for Technician Education in Manila, Philippines. Building on the results of the March 2009 ESD World Conference in Bonn, Germany, this international [technical and vocational education and training] TVET expert meeting aimed to be a catalyst to integrate sustainable development-focused objectives, themes, strategies and operating procedures into TVET policies, programs and practices. The aims and expected outcomes of this special program were: increased understanding of the importance of TVET for ESD in line with the goals of [Education for All] EFA; a set of lessons from leading practices in ESD; plans for further advancing TVET for ESD; and study visit of relevant institutions and industries in Germany. Moreover, the discussions focused on the following four-dimensional ESD concerns: (1) creative methods to expand awareness, meaning and scope of ESD through multistakeholder dialogue; (2) strategies for inclusion of non-formal and informal learning in the context of sustainable development; (3) means for incorporating ESD into TVET (including training of leaders in business and industry to form the values toward corporate social responsibility, etc.); and (4) ways for creating greater synergy and networking among representatives of [sustainable development] SD-related institutions of governance and learning. The contents are as follows: Preface; Introduction and summary; Keynote addresses - Major challenges in integrating substainable development in TVET / Shyamal Majumdar; TVET in ESD / Harry Stolte; VET for the second half of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development / Naing Yee Mar; Innovative Practices in TVET for ESD: German experience / Klaus-Dieter Mertineit; Country presentations - Bagladesh / Razia Begum; Fiji / Alumeci Susu Tuisawau; India / Vijay P. Goel; Malaysia / Ani Asmah Tajul Ariffin; Maldives / Mariyam Noordeen; Mongolia / Tungalag Chimid; Myanmar / Theingi; Nepal / Devi Prasad Ghimire; Pakistan / Yousaf Kamal Malik; Philippines / Elmer K. Talavera; Papua New Guinea / Jayasundara. J. Banda; Sri Lanka / H. L. Obeyesekera; Thailand / Sirirak Ratchusanti; Country papers: Bangladesh: reorienting TVET policy towards education for sustainable development / Razia Begum; Fiji: reorienting TVET policy towards education for sustainable development / Alumeci Susu Tuisawau; India: technical and vocational education and training (TVET) system in India for sustainable development / Vijay P. Goel; Malaysia: innovative practices in TVET towards education for sustainable development: work-based learning diploma programmes at community colleges in Malaysia / Ani Asmah Tajul Ariffin; Maldives: innovative practices in TVET towards education for sustainable development / Mariyam Noordeen; Mongolia: reorienting TVET policy towards education for sustainable development / Tungalag Chimid; The Union of Myanmar: reorienting TVET policy towards education for sustainable development in Myanmar / Theingi; Pakistan: reorienting TVET policy towards education for sustainable development / Yousaf Kamal Malik; Philippines: TVET and sustainable development / Elmer K. Talavera; Papua New Guinea: reorienting TVET policy towards education for sustainable development for Papua New Guinea / Jayasundara J. Banda; Sri Lanka: innovative practices in TVET for education for sustainable development in Sri Lanka to suit the regional competitiveness / H. L. Obeyesekera; Thailand: innovative practice in TVET towards education for sustainable development in Thailand / Sirirak Ratchusanti; Annex. Show less

Corporate authors: UNESCO. International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (UNESCO-UNEVOC) ... [+] Show more

Conference name: Reorienting TVET Policy Towards Education for Sustainable Development

Date: 2009

Geographic subjects: Asia; Oceania; Bangladesh ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Conference

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Sustainability; Policy ... [+] Show more

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