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Migrating to opportunity: overcoming barriers to labor mobility in Southeast Asia

The movement of people in Southeast Asia is an issue of increasing importance. Countries of the Association of Sout... Show more
The movement of people in Southeast Asia is an issue of increasing importance. Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are now the origin of 8 per cent of the world's migrants. These countries host only 4 percent of the world's migrants but intra-regional migration has turned Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand into regional migration hubs that are home to 6.5 million ASEAN migrants. However, significant international and domestic labor mobility costs limit the ability of workers to change firms, sectors, and geographies in ASEAN. This report takes an innovative approach to estimate the costs for workers to migrate internationally. Singapore and Malaysia have the lowest international labor mobility costs in ASEAN while workers migrating to Myanmar and Vietnam have the highest costs. Singapore and Malaysia's more developed migration systems are a key reason for their lower labor mobility costs. How easily workers can move to take advantage of new opportunities is important in determining how they fare under the increased economic integration planned for ASEAN. To study this question, the report simulates how worker welfare is affected by enhanced trade integration under different scenarios of labor mobility costs. Region-wide, worker welfare would be 14 per cent higher if barriers to mobility were reduced for skilled workers and an additional 29 per cent if barriers to mobility were lowered for all workers. Weaknesses in migration systems increase international labor mobility costs, but policy reforms can help. Destination countries should work toward systems that are responsive to economic needs and consistent with domestic policies. Sending countries should balance protections for migrant workers with the needs of economic development.
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Authors: Testaverde, Mauro; Moroz, Harry; Hollweg, Claire H.; Schmillen, Achim

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Asia; Bangladesh; Brunei ... [+] Show more Hong Kong (China)">Hong Kong (China); (South)">Korea (South); [-] Show less

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Migration; Employment; Outcomes ... [+] Show more
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Cooperation in employment promotion and training in the Greater Mekong subregion

The importance of closer collaboration amongst the six countries - Thailand, Yunnan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR and... Show more
The importance of closer collaboration amongst the six countries - Thailand, Yunnan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar - of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) in matters of employment promotion and skills training have been underlined by the recent difficulties faced by several of these countries and the social consequences of the economic downturn. Chapter one provides the background, including objectives, expected outputs, project design and implementation. Chapter two is based on the country reports and provides a situational analysis of key issues in employment promotion and training from the perspective of the participating countries. Chapter three is a condensed version of the technical study entitled 'Labour markets, skill shortages and labour market information in the Greater Mekong Subregion: challenges and policy options'. Chapter four covers the lack of skill standards, testing and certification systems. Chapter five outlines the lack of evaluation and accreditation for TVET. Chapter six offers conclusions and suggest future directions. Show less

Corporate authors: ILO. East Asia Multidisciplinary Advisory Team (ILO/EASMAT)

Date: 1997

Geographic subjects: Asia; Vietnam; Burma ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Labour market; Employment ... [+] Show more
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Comparative study of vocational, technical education and training system in Myanmar, England and Germany: lessons learned for developing countries

There are several issues and problems that most countries are facing, such as energy crisis, environmental impacts,... Show more
There are several issues and problems that most countries are facing, such as energy crisis, environmental impacts, poverty and lack of human resources. In this regard, governments, international organisations and non-profit organisations are willing to cooperate to overcome the global challenges and threats. Based on collective efforts to find the best solutions, the elites, who are responsible for the policy matters of developing countries, are starting to recognise the importance of human resource development through technical and vocational education and training [VTET] because it is believed to be the master key to unlock the above mentioned issues. This paper was based on a comparative study of the TVET systems in industrial countries such as England and Germany, and with Myanmar. Based on this comparison, the suthor intends the recommendations to be used to improve TVET in Myanmar and other developing countries.
Excerpt of published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Authors: Thu, Kyaw Htin Si

Date: 2008

Geographic subjects: Asia; Great Britain; Europe ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Journal for vocational and technical education and training

Subjects: Workforce development; Research; Policy ... [+] Show more
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Teacher professional development: Institution-Based Professional Development (IBPD) centre Myanmar

While Myanmar has implemented and completed several important education reforms in recent years, the Technical and ... Show more
While Myanmar has implemented and completed several important education reforms in recent years, the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) sub-sector continues to face numerous serious challenges in ensuring the equitable and quality training that are demanded by the industry. In response to these challenges, the Department of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (DTVET) is implementing different reforms to strengthen and upgrade vocational teacher training in collaboration with different development partners and international organizations.
One of these response measures is developing a model for decentralizing TVET teacher training at TVET institutions in order to be able to provide professional development [PD] support immediately as well as to maximize efficiency. The DTVET's teacher training institution Technical Promotion Training Centre (TPTC-Baelin) plays a vital role for the professional leaders (PD leaders) in overseeing the PD mechanism and provides technical and operational leadership under the policy guidance of the DTVET. The Institution-Based Professional Development (IBPD) centre is designed to provide soft skills training for TVET teachers and to improve TVET institutions, e.g. capacities to respond to labour market demand. The plan is materializing with the budget support of European Union (EU).
This article examines the teacher professional development programme in Myanmar, including the role of teachers and their professional development requirements, the role and responsibilities of the current training institutions, the role of the IBPD centres and the challenges encountered during the implementation process. This study is based on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data collected from the schools under the DTVET and the Ministry of Education (MoE). The article concludes that supporting TVET teachers in achieving their professional development goals through higher learning opportunities is of paramount importance and is an aspect of strengthening the vocational teacher training system and the TVET sector for the country.
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Authors: Lwin, Kyi Kyi

Date: 2022

Geographic subjects: Myanmar; Burma; Asia

Resource type: Book chapter

Series name: Technical and vocational education and training: issues, concerns and prospects

Subjects: Providers of education and training; Workforce development; Governance
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Survey of ASEAN employers on skills and competitiveness

The Survey of [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] ASEAN employers on skills and competitiveness has collected ... Show more
The Survey of [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] ASEAN employers on skills and competitiveness has collected insights from business leaders regarding current labour force trends and anticipated effects associated with the 2015 integration of the ten ASEAN countries. The primary areas assessed by the Survey include regional integration effects on human resources, labour mobility, commercial enterprise development, and competitiveness. This survey shows that, on the whole, employers in the region tend to remain uneducated about the potential opportunities and challenges presented by ASEAN integration. Uncertainty prevails regarding the universal impact stemming from the ASEAN Economic Community 2015 undertaking. Nonetheless, employers express optimism, and agree that increased workforce mobility, lower trade barriers and liberalized investment flows will prove positive for their businesses. Most employers believe that regional integration will boost their competitiveness, particularly if coupled with investments in training and educational programmes. Encouragingly, employers report that, rather than apply cost-cutting measures to enhance productivity, they are more likely to invest in programmes to build capacity around management and leadership skills.
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Corporate authors: Emerging Markets Consulting

Date: 2014

Geographic subjects: Asia; Brunei; Cambodia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: ILO Asia-Pacific working paper series

Subjects: Labour market; Outcomes; Research ... [+] Show more
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ASEAN Economic Community 2015: enhancing competitiveness and employability through skill development

The paper provides an overview of the training and education systems, institutions and policy frameworks in the [As... Show more
The paper provides an overview of the training and education systems, institutions and policy frameworks in the [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] ASEAN countries, including the extent of equity and inclusion (of women, youth, rural populations, etc.). And it presents a review of recent quantitative metrics in public and private investment in education and training as well as indicators related to staffing and capacity of teachers and trainers. In addition, the paper looks at the challenges confronting the education and training systems of ASEAN countries, such as the quality of education professionals, the relevance of curricula, links between industry and training systems (including labour market information and employment services, youth apprenticeships and on-the-job training) and lifelong learning. It also introduces the issue of skills certification and portability and mutual recognition arrangements.
Emerging skill requirements in ASEAN countries associated with deeper regional integration, structural change and new production patterns are highlighted, and the capacity of ASEAN countries to meet these emerging labour market demands domestically and within the region as production moves away from agriculture and into higher-value added industrial and services sectors is assessed. The analyzing was done with a gender perspective, looking at the extent that shifting skills requirements can foster better economic opportunities and prospects for women in ASEAN's labour market. The paper concludes that policy priorities that, if successfully implemented, can help ASEAN reach its goal of becoming a highly competitive economic region by harnessing its human resources. In addition to national policies, areas for regional cooperation among ASEAN countries that would help address the various gaps in human resources and national skills systems are singled out.
Excerpts from published abstract. Show less

Authors: Aring, Monika

Date: 2015

Geographic subjects: Asia; Brunei; Burma ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: ILO Asia-Pacific working paper series

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Employment; Governance ... [+] Show more
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Towards quality assurance of technical and vocational education and training

Country researchers from 13 countries in the Asia-Pacific region conducted national studies of the quality assuranc... Show more
Country researchers from 13 countries in the Asia-Pacific region conducted national studies of the quality assurance of TVET qualifications in their countries. These countries were: Afghanistan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Samoa, Thailand, Tonga and Viet Nam. The key themes and findings from these reports, together with the outcomes of discussions between country researchers form the basis of this synthesis report. Summaries of the country reports can be seen in Appendix 2.
Excerpt from publication. Show less

Authors: Bateman, Andrea; Coles, Mike

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Afghanistan; Brunei; Cambodia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Quality; Providers of education and training ... [+] Show more
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Developments in technical and vocational education: a comparative study: trends and issues in technical and vocational education

This comparative study, published in 1979, sets out the then current situation and possible future trends for techn... Show more
This comparative study, published in 1979, sets out the then current situation and possible future trends for technical and vocational education (TVET) in twenty-three developing countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burma, Chile, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, India, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, Liberia, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay, Sierra Leone, Thailand, Uganda, Upper Volta and Uruguay. The major goals of this study were to identify major areas where urgent practical measures may be taken to answer immediate education and social needs while at the same time serving longer term development goals and to assist member states in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) to exchange information and share their experiences in TVET. Show less

Corporate authors: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Date: 1979

Geographic subjects: Central America and the Caribbean; Asia; South America ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Outcomes; Research; Policy ... [+] Show more
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Towards a skills strategy for Southeast Asia: skills for post-COVID recovery and growth

Skills are central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in a rapidly changing world. Recovering from t... Show more
Skills are central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in a rapidly changing world. Recovering from the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pandemic will require countries to co-ordinate interventions to help recent graduates find jobs, reactivate the skills of displaced workers and use skills effectively in workplaces. Megatrends such as globalisation, climate change, technological progress and demographic change will continue to reshape work and society. Countries should take action now to develop and use more effectively the skills required for the world of the future and at the same time make their skills systems more resilient and adaptable in the context of change and uncertainty.
The OECD Skills Strategy [available in VOCEDplus at TD/TNC 136.771] provides countries with a strategic approach to assess their skills challenges and opportunities. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy framework allowing countries to explore how they can improve (i) developing relevant skills, (ii) using skills effectively, and (iii) strengthening the governance of the skills system. This report applies the OECD Skills Strategy framework to Southeast Asia, providing an overview of the region's skills challenges and opportunities in the context of COVID-19 and megatrends, and identifying good practices for improving skills outcomes. The countries featured in the report include: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. In addition, five OECD benchmarking countries are also included and have been selected based on their skills performance and to include at least one each from the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Pacific: Australia, Germany, Korea, Japan and the United States. This report lays the foundation for a more fully elaborated Skills Strategy for Southeast Asia.
Edited excerpts from publication and publisher's website. Show less

Authors: Kim, Samuel; Kim, Najung; Kar, Soumyajit; Cimino, Michele

Date: 2021

Geographic subjects: Asia; Brunei; Cambodia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: OECD skills studies

Subjects: Lifelong learning; Skills and knowledge; Workforce development ... [+] Show more
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Technical education and vocational training in developing nations

Severe economic depression and the difficulty in acquiring employment with an adequate income have significant impa... Show more
Severe economic depression and the difficulty in acquiring employment with an adequate income have significant impact on the social welfare of countries. This book argues that the need to provide ample educational opportunities is more imperative than ever, particularly in emerging economies. It presents literature on optimising the implementation of curriculum development and instructional design strategies for technical and vocational education. The book covers a range of topics, such as curriculum deficiency, teacher competencies, and accessible learning.
Edited excerpt from publisher's website.
The chapters are as follows: TVET in developing nations and human development / Ugochukwu Chinonso Okolie, Asfa M. Yasin; Rationale and challenges of technical vocational education and training in Uganda / James C. Okware, Willy Ngaka; The management training and development programme requirements of TVET school administrators in Brunei Darussalam / Marcelino C. Gapultos; Technological challenges in implementing TVET programmes in Nigeria / B. N. Ezekoye; Recent framework of TVET teacher education in a country on the path to reform: an analyses of Myanmar's critical challenges / Frank Bunning, Ulrike Schmidt; The TVET scenario and challenges faced by the SAARC nations: with a special focus on the Indian situation / Sumedha Tyagi; Current trends and issues in TVET in Bangladesh / Md. Shahadat Hossain Khan, Mahbub Hasan; K. M. Md. Golam Rabbani; A study of the problems faced by industrial training institutes (ITI) in India as perceived by different stakeholders / Usha Ajithkumar; Improving higher education efficiency with vocational training based on alternation / Walter Nuninger, Jean-Marie Chatelet; Skill space mission India 2025 / Y. P. Chawla, R. S. P. Singh; Quality TVET for matching needs of the industry / Jitendra Sharma; Quality concerns for success of vocational education programme / P. Veeraiah; Technical and vocational education and training: thriving in challenging times / Sandra L. Poirier, Mary Ann Remsen; Relevance of entrepreneurship in TVET / Charles O. Ogbaekirigwe, Ugochukwu Chinonso Okolie. Show less

Authors: Okolie, Ugochukwu Chinonso; Yasin, Asfa M.

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Uganda; Nigeria; Africa ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Edited book

Series name: Advances in higher education and professional development (AHEPD) book series

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Providers of education and training; Governance ... [+] Show more

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