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With 496,000 international students studying for qualifications at higher education [HE] institutions across the United Kingdom - equivalent to 20 per cent of all HE students - international students contribute significantly to our economic and social prosperity, both in the short term during their studies as well as in the medium to longer term after they graduate. Given the continuing importance of international students as a source of export revenues, London Economics were commissioned by the Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI) and Universities UK International (UUKi) to re-estimate the benefits and costs to the United Kingdom economy associated with international students, focusing on the 2018/19 academic year. Following a previous study estimating these impacts for 2015/16 (on behalf of HEPI and Kaplan International Pathways), the analysis updates the previous results by focusing on the cohort of international students who started higher education qualifications in the UK in 2018/19.

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London Economics were commissioned by [the Higher Education Policy Institute] HEPI and Kaplan International Pathways (Kaplan) to undertake an analysis of the determinants of overseas demand for UK higher education, and to consider what the impact of a number of macroeconomic characteristics might be on future enrolment levels and UK higher education institutional tuition fee income. The analysis presented here looks only at the impact of different economic and policy factors on teaching and learning income and does not consider the impact on research funding.

The structure of the report is as follows: Section two outlines the data adopted for the analysis, as well as the methodological approach. Information on the evolution of student enrolments over time is also presented. Section three details the results from the econometric analysis and provides an explanation of which factors determine the demand for UK higher education from overseas. Section four explores the impact of a number of alternative scenarios on both student numbers and the financial position of UK higher education institutions, both in aggregate and disaggregated, using a third-party classification of university clusters. Section five provides a conclusion.

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With 679,970 international students studying for qualifications at higher education institutions across the United Kingdom - equivalent to 24 per cent of all higher education (HE) students in 2021/22 - international students contribute significantly to our economic and social prosperity, both in the short term during their studies as well as in the medium to longer term after they graduate. Given the continuing importance of international students as a source of export revenues, alongside the ongoing political debate relating to potential visa restrictions for international students' dependants and potential reductions in their post-study work visa rights, London Economics were commissioned by the Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI), Universities UK International (UUKi), and Kaplan International Pathways to update previous analysis of the benefits and costs to the UK economy associated with international students.

Following two previous studies estimating these impacts for 2015/16 and 2018/19 [available in VOCEDplus at TD/TNC 145.1003 and TD/TNC 145.1002], the analysis updates the previous results by focusing on the cohort of international students who started higher education qualifications in the UK in 2021/22. Mirroring the approach applied throughout our previous analyses of this type, we estimate the economic benefits of international students in terms of: (1) The tuition fee income generated by international students studying in the UK, as well as the knock-on (or 'indirect' and 'induced') effects throughout the UK economy associated with UK universities' spending of this international fee income on staff, goods, and services; (2) The income associated with the non-tuition fee (i.e., living cost) expenditure of international students, and the subsequent knock-on (indirect and induced) effects of this expenditure throughout the wider economy; and (3) The income associated with the spending of friends and family visiting international students whilst studying in the UK. Again, this expenditure leads to subsequent knock-on (indirect and induced) effects throughout the UK economy.

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This report was commissioned to inform the government's policy and efforts in support of the higher education (HE) and further education (FE) sectors. It establishes an estimate of the value of overseas trade and investment in education-related activities to the UK economy. It also covers historical trends and forecasts that will help understand the future growth potential. The research aims to help [Department for Business, Innovation and Skills] BIS to formulate a supportive policy framework to allow HE, FE and associated business sectors to increase their income from overseas and attract more foreign direct investment.

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With 438,000 international students studying for qualifications at higher education [HE] institutions across the United Kingdom - equivalent to 19 per cent of all HE students - international students contribute significantly to our economic and social prosperity, both in the short term during their studies as well as in the medium to longer term after they graduate. Although many of the costs of higher education are borne by these students themselves, there are some costs imposed on the UK public purse associated with hosting international students. These costs relate to general Exchequer expenditure on the provision of public services (whether used or otherwise) for both international students and dependants who accompany them to the UK, as well as the higher education costs associated with the teaching grants provided to universities and student support (for EU students but not for non-EU students).

Given the continuing political debate about the inclusion of international students in UK migration targets, and the limited number of analyses of their net economic impact to date, London Economics were commissioned by the Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI) and Kaplan International Pathways to undertake a detailed analysis of both the benefits and costs to the United Kingdom economy associated with international students.

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The focus of this project was to analyse the activities of some of the leading non-traditional providers of postsecondary education in the United States, the corporate, for-profit and virtual providers, and the extent to which they present threats to, and opportunities for, traditional universities both in that country and in Australia. There is no evidence of an imminent large-scale influx of any new higher education providers into Australia. This report should be used as market intelligence by each university according to its own mission and goals. Show less

London Economics were commissioned by the Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI) and Kaplan International Pathways (Kaplan) to undertake an analysis of the determinants of overseas demand for UK higher education. The analysis was undertaken at undergraduate and postgraduate level separately, though the results are more robust at the undergraduate level. Using a range of data on UK higher education enrolments from 2003/04 to 2014/15 from 189 countries, the analysis indicates that there are a range of factors that determine demand for UK higher education. These include domestic factors, such as UK fee levels, but also external factors including the exchange rate, fee levels charged by competitor countries, energy prices, overseas economic growth and policy interventions within a country. The analysis demonstrates that, although some factors have a relatively immediate effect on the demand for UK higher education (such as [gross domestic product] GDP per capita), other factors (such as the exchange rate and UK fee levels) have both an immediate effect and a longer-term impact.

The first section [of the report] provides a summary of the data used in this analysis, as well as the methodological approach. Information on the evolution of student enrolments over time is also presented. The second section summarises results from the econometric analysis and provides an explanation of which factors determine demand for UK higher education from overseas. The third section explores the impact of some hypothetical scenarios on student enrolment and the financial position of UK institutions, both in aggregate and disaggregated using a third-party classification of university clusters.

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