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The focus of this report, which uses longitudinal data to map the dynamics of the youth labour market and to identify factors that are important in securing full-time work, is on the transition to full-time employment of young people who do not go to university. The study reports on the education and labour market activities of a national sample of youth on their leaving school and analyses the influences of social and demographic factors, school and other educational factors, and initial experiences in the labour market on their post-school activity four years after leaving school, focusing on factors influencing being in full-time employment four years after leaving school. The following research and policy issues are addressed: the general youth labour market situation; the influence of social background factors; the effects of education, including school leaving status and vocational education; and the role of prior labour market experiences. The report contains an executive summary, six chapters and five appendices. Following the introduction, chapter two sets the scene for subsequent chapters by presenting and examining the activity profiles of the group of school leavers who did not go to university; chapter three looks at the pathways of young people in the years leaving school to examine the extent of year-to-year movement in and out of activities; chapter four examines the correlates of activities in the first and fourth years after leaving school, investigating social and socioeconomic background, education and training, and labour market experiences; chapter five explores the influences on securing full-time work using a base model comprising factors found in the previous chapter to have significant influence on being in full-time work in the fourth year after leaving school; and the final chapter addresses the policy and research issues. The report does not support ‘crisis’ accounts of the youth labour market and disputes claims that young people who are not fully engaged in full-time work or study are ‘at risk’ of an unsuccessful school-to-work transition. The findings indicate that: 61% of young men and 45% of young women were in full-time employment in the first year after school; by the fourth year, 77% of young men and 64% of young women were working full-time; the effects of post-secondary vocational education other than apprenticeship and traineeship were mixed; full-time study in the first year after leaving school did not increase the odds of being in full-time work in the fourth year; and among those already in full-time work, a TAFE certificate or diploma tended to further increase the chances of staying in full-time work. Show less

This report investigates the relationship between post-school plans, family background and having a lifelong learning orientation. It highlights the important role of vocational education and training such as TAFE as an alternative for students with no plans to study at university. Data was drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Youth (LSAY) and the OECD Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). The study investigated the post-school plans of young people, with a particular interest in those from families of low socioeconomic background, the factors associated with the development of these plans, and the association between types of post-school plans and predispositions towards lifelong learning. The study suggests that the most important factors for predicting post-school plans are gender, ability and the vocational orientation of the student. An orientation to lifelong learning also has an effect but, according to the LSAY data, only a small one. According to the findings, financial disadvantage is not a barrier to post-school study when students choose to study at TAFE or to pursue other vocational options. Students from low socioeconomic backgrounds were found to be more likely to realise their plans for tertiary education when those plans do not initially involve attending university. Four guiding principles for policy development are proposed: (1) the establishment of a national youth mentoring strategy to enhance support provided to young people by families, communities and schools to enable them to make successful choices about their future employment and/or study; (2) government funding to support schools to develop more diverse and flexible pathways into work and/or post-school education to improve outcomes for all students; (3) incentives for businesses to work with schools and tertiary institutions to provide increased opportunities for mentoring and more effective career counselling to ensure that students are better prepared to make choices about post-school work and study; and (4) improved family and community support systems to better support students’ transition from school to work and the development of positive attitudes towards lifelong learning. Show less

This study examines non-completion of Year 12 at school for a nationally representative sample of young people who were 15 years old and still attending school in 2003. The study explores relationships between non-completion and selected socio-demographic and school-related factors, and changes in rates of school non-completion from the early 1980s to 2005. There is a particular emphasis on how socio-demographic and school-related factors over that period have influenced early school leaving. This study also examines the use of an alternative measure of 'school completion', which incorporates participation in a vocational education and training (VET) program after leaving school. Show less

This is a study of the transition to tertiary education of young people in Victoria. The aims of the study are: to describe the social and educational characteristics of those students who commence tertiary studies compared with those who do not; to develop a casual model of the transitions from school to tertiary study; and to describe the manfest reasons students give for not accepting the opportunity for tertiary study. Show less

The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a survey of the knowledge and skills of 15 year olds that was first carried out in 2000 and repeated every three years to measure the changes that take place over time. This document summarises the results of PISA 2003, focusing on Australia's results and how the Australian students performed in comparison with students from other countries. It shows how well prepared Australian students are to meet the challenges of the future, whether they have the ability to analyse, reason and communicate their ideas effectively, and whether they have the capacity to continue learning throughout life. Overall, Australian students performed consistently well in the four assessment domains: mathematics, reading, scientific literacy and problem solving. Key messages for Australia from PISA 2003 include: in relation to socioeconomic background, students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds have a distinct advantage; in relation to Indigenous students, a very small proportion of students performed well in mathematical literacy; and in relation to gender differences, while there was no overall gender differences apparent in mathematical performance, males tended to be over-represented at the upper levels of achievement.

The full report is indexed at TD/TNC 93.855. Show less

The school to work transition continues to be difficult for some Australian school leavers and youth unemployment remains high. This report examines the methods used by Australian school-leavers to find employment, with a particular focus on the social processes involved. The aim is to assess: (1) the relationship between schooling, social background and job finding strategies; (2) the relationship between the method used to find work and the quality of work obtained; (3) the relative importance of informal methods of job seeking behaviour in helping different groups of young people fo find employment; and (4) the role of social network capital in determining job search strategies and outcomes. The analysis is based on data collected from a sample of young people first surveyed as Year 9 students in 1995 as part of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY). At the time of the 2000 collection, most of these students had left school and were either in further study or in the labour market. The focus is on early labour market entrants, i.e. those school leavers who went straight from secondary school into the labour force, either into a job or in search of one, rather than on to further study. The most common job-search methods used were: checking for employment advertisements in newspapers; contacting the employer directly; asking friends or relatives; and registering with the Commonwealth Employment Agency (CES/Centrelink). Most employment was obtained through informal methods. There were few differences in job seeking behaviour but patterns emerged in relation to obtaining employment. Males were significantly more likely to obtain employment through friends and relatives while females were far more likely to obtain work through responding to advertisements or through the CES/Centrelink. Overall, informal methods appear to provide young school leavers, particularly males, with employment opportunities more readily and with good wages. However, young people surveyed did not perceive these jobs to provide the career path, training and promotional opportunities required for ongoing career development and accumulation of human capital. Show less

Cohort reports were introduced as part of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) program in 2000 to provide an overview of the education, training and labour market experiences of the whole cohort on a regular basis. They supplement data already available from government statistics on enrolments and apparent retention rates. These reports are aimed at helping researchers to see the potential of the database as they use a wider range of the variables than may be used in the LSAY research reports. This report provides details of the Y03 cohort in 2004 in terms of their background characteristics, education and training, employment, social activities and attitudes. Information on this cohort was first collected in 2003 when these young people participated in OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).

Y03 cohort reports are indexed from TD/TNC 91.559 to TD/TNC 91.561. Show less

Cohort reports were introduced as part of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) program in 2000 to provide an overview of the education, training and labour market experiences of the whole cohort on a regular basis. They supplement data already available from government statistics on enrolments and apparent retention rates. These reports are aimed at helping researchers to see the potential of the database as they use a wider range of the variables than may be used in the LSAY research reports. This report provides details of the Y03 cohort in terms of their background characteristics and what they were doing in 2003 in terms of education and training and employment. Information on this cohort was first collected in 2003 when these young people participated in OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).

Y03 cohort reports are indexed from TD/TNC 91.559 to TD/TNC 91.561. Show less

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is an initiative of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It was implemented for the OECD by an international consortium led by the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER). ACER also conducted the PISA survey within Australia. PISA is a new survey of the knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds mainly in industrialised countries. The survey seeks to determine: how well students are prepared for future challenges; which skills they have to help them to adapt to change in their lives, e.g. the ability to analyse, reason and communicate their arguments and ideas to others; whether some ways of organising schools and learning within them are more effective than others; if the quality of school resources has an influence on students' learning; and the extent to which student performance is dependent on their home backgrounds and ways to improve learning opportunities for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. PISA assesses the learning domains of reading, mathematical and scientific literacy along with some other areas such as students' familiarity with computers, their learning strategies, and their attitudes towards their schools. The first of a planned three-yearly cycle of assessments was undertaken in 32 countries (28 OECD member countries and four non-member countries that chose to participate) during the year 2000 in randomly selected samples of schools and students. This Australian national report describes PISA and how it developed, the details of Australia's participation, and the Australian results in both the national and international context. It presents insights into the factors affecting the development of students' reading, mathematical and scientific skills at home and at school and discusses the implications of the results for future policy development. Key information from the international report is incorporated in this report to provide Australian readers with a broad perspective of PISA.

The summary of the full Australian report is indexed at TD/TNC 69.533 and the international report is indexed at TD/TNC 67.328. Show less

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is an initiative of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It was implemented for the OECD by an international consortium led by the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER). ACER also conducted the PISA survey within Australia. PISA is a new survey of the knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds mainly in industrialised countries. The survey seeks to determine: how well students are prepared for future challenges; which skills they have to help them to adapt to change in their lives, e.g. the ability to analyse, reason and communicate their arguments and ideas to others; whether some ways of organising schools and learning within them are more effective than others; if the quality of school resources has an influence on students' learning; and the extent to which student performance is dependent on their home backgrounds and ways to improve learning opportunities for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. PISA assesses the learning domains of reading, mathematical and scientific literacy along with some other areas such as students' familiarity with computers, their learning strategies, and their attitudes towards their schools. The first of a planned three-yearly cycle of assessments was undertaken in 32 countries (28 OECD member countries and four non-member countries that chose to participate) during the year 2000 in randomly selected samples of schools and students. This pamphlet summarises the Australian national report, providing results of student performance and insights into factors that influence the development of their reading, mathematical and scientific skills at home and at school, and discussing the implications of the results for policy development.

The full Australian report is indexed at TD/TNC 69.532 and the international report is indexed at TD/TNC 67.328. Show less