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Context is a key factor in designing and delivering adult learning programmes, and in multilingual environments the choice of language plays a decisive role. Four programmes, two in Asia (Bhutan and Myanmar) and two in Africa (Ghana and Uganda), which focus on learning for development, integrate language considerations in different ways, related both to the broader socio-political contest and to the purposes and assumptions of the programmers themselves. Both the functional and the symbolic roles affect the choice of language, and its impact, and must be factored into the design and implementation of adult learning programmes.

Published abstract reprinted from ‘International journal of educational development’, copyright 2007, with permission from Elsevier. Show less

Demographic changes, urbanization, and rapid technological advances are disrupting labor markets across the south east Asian region and have spurred demand for new, more specialized skills. One of the primary objectives of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community is to encourage skilled labor mobility to address shortages, promote knowledge transfer, and boost productivity. This book examines the current situation, trends, challenges, and opportunities in the region. It includes analysis of the economic impact of free skilled-labor flows on specific sectors and the broader economy. The book discusses the importance of the free movement of skilled workers in Southeast Asia. It assesses current challenges and opportunities and suggests a range of enabling policy measures.

Edited excerpt from publisher's website.

The chapters are as follows: Trends and patterns in intra-ASEAN migration / Aiko Kikkawa and Eric B. Suan (pages 1-24); Skilled migration in the literature: what we know, what we think we know, and why it matters to know the difference / Elisabetta Gentile (pages 25-56); Economic impact of skilled labor mobility within the ASEAN Economic Community / Erwin Corong and Angel Aguiar (pages 57-88); Implications of ASEAN economic integration on services: a global computable general equilibrium analysis / Kakali Mukhopadhyay (pages 89-123); Employment effects of removal of restrictions on the movement of natural persons in the ASEAN banking sector / Huong Dinh (pages 124-163); Skills mobility and postsecondary education in the ASEAN Economic Community / Maki Kato (pages 164-193); Institutionalized costs and international migration patterns / Saibal Kar (pages 194-208); Expanding skilled-worker mobility: comparing the migration of Indonesian careworkers to Taipei, China and Indonesian nurses and careworkers to Japan / Ratih Pratiwi Anwar (pages 209-240); Will ASEAN mutual recognition arrangements induce skilled workers to move?: a case study of the engineering labor market in Thailand / Sasiwimon Warunsiri Paweenawat and Jessica Vechbanyongratana (pages 241-266); Skill flows and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: future questions and directions for the ASEAN Economic Community / Anna Fink and Elisabetta Gentile (pages 267-292). Show less

Green economy is defined based on six sectors. They are: (a) Renewable Energy (b) Green building (c) Clean transportation (d) Water management (e) Waste management and (f) Land management. Green economy is anchored on green energy generation in which the source of energy is from renewables instead of fossil fuel. Renewable energy reduces the environmental risks because it is emission-free. Along with this, Myanmar which is rich in natural resources is exploring programs to make the most of its natural wealth that is why it needs human resources who are skilled technocrats, researchers and engineers.

It is a fact that human resources development (HRD) is as important as capital investment for the economic development of a nation. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), in this aspect, plays an important role. For this reason, Myanmar is giving high priority to TVET for its sustainable human resource development. In particular, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the Department of Technical and Vocational Education (DTVE) laid down many policies and principal objectives to achieve the sustainable development of TVET sectors.

The government's top priority is on strengthening, upgrading, expanding and opening new technological universities, colleges, institutes, technical training schools, and opening special training courses for the skilled workers and highly qualified human resources. Competency-based curricula, new courses and researches in line with the green economy are also introduced in TVET programs.

Published abstract. Show less

The International Workshop on Workforce Development for a Knowledge Economy was organised by the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) and the Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training (KRIVET) with the goal of identifying new and innovative legislation, policy and planning, which must be introduced to keep technical and vocational education and training (TVET) relevant in Asia. In support of this goal, the objectives of the workshop were to: share experiences of workforce development for a knowledge economy; draft project proposals to develop the workforce needed for a knowledge economy; and examine the issues to be faced with the advent of knowledge economy. During the workshop, national strategies for development and key initiatives to provide all citizens with broad literacy, numeracy, and generic skills for survival in a knowledge-based economy were discussed. Participants of the workshop were expected to gain a better understanding of the social, cultural and economic impact of the knowledge economy and to consider new ways of doing business that would help them achieve and maintain national and international competitiveness.

This report contains the workshop proceedings, lecture presentations, discussions and outcomes of the workshop. It also contains country reports from: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. Show less

The paper explores the potential impact of regional economic integration on Myanmar, a country that has suffered from more than 20 years of Western sanctions. The country's accession into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) offered economic and trading opportunities, while the regional body arguably catalysed a regime change. Now, realization of the ASEAN Economic Community is challenging Myanmar. Having a low-skilled and poorly educated workforce with inadequate infrastructure, Myanmar must strive harder than other ASEAN Member States to narrow the regional inequality gaps. Improving skills among the labour force and in prioritized sectors of the economy, as well as strengthening the formal education system, will be critical if Myanmar is to compete. Improving infrastructure, such as electricity, roads and information communication technology, is equally salient. These measures must be coupled with effective institutions for social security and insurance, labour relations and business social responsibility. Narrowing inequality is a long-term project with an urgent start for Myanmar - the latecomer to growth.

Published abstract. Show less

The conference was held to discuss the work undertaken in Phase I of the study, and the results of the country consultations at the outset of Phase II. (See TD/APSDIN 39.02 for the publication of Phase I). The Conference discussions focused on subregional cooperation in the following areas: transport, energy, environment, human resource development, trade and investment and tourism.

The country delegates expressed their continuing commitment and support for subregional cooperation. They reconfirmed the importance of the six areas of cooperation identified in Phase I and affirmed that the highest priority should be given to the improvement of transportation linkages in the Mekong area. Examples of cooperation are outlined and the need for assistance from the international community is emphasised. Show less

Over the past two decades, advances in online, digital and mobile technologies have led to new business models, significantly shaking up several well-established markets. Virtually all sectors have been affected. Telecoms providers, airlines and newspapers are some of the most prominent examples in which business operations have drastically changed due to these advances. Additionally, with the rise of these technologies, relatively new industry players have made rapid gains while a few seasoned ones have declined or even disappeared altogether. To further understand the dynamics of these trends in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the ILO Bureau for Employers' Activities (ACT/EMP) explored the changing goals, needs and challenges facing the region's new generation of enterprises and workers. Overall, the project comprised of two large surveys (one surveying enterprises in the region and the other surveying university and vocational students). The surveys explored changes in the world of work and the alignment among these actors' goals and expectations.

Three overarching themes shape the main body of this research: (1) Technologies' impact on enterprises, such as changes in productive capabilities, business models, competitiveness, innovativeness and future growth prospects. (2) Technologies' impact on labour markets, especially the total demand for labour, workers' skills and wages, enterprises' demand for given types of skills (both hard and soft), women's position within labour markets, and implications for job-security and employment benefits. (3) New modalities and cultures of work, which encompasses the spread of non-standard and more flexible employment models (including freelance and outsourcing) among formal employers, the rise of international labour migration in ASEAN, and the new capabilities for managing diverse teams across multiple locations. Section 1 contains an overview of the two survey samples used. Section 2 details the findings on enterprises' performance and sentiments regarding technology. Section 3 looks at skills and personal attitudes in ASEAN. Section 4 reveals students' aspirations and expectations from work. Section 5 looks at recruitment and job searching in ASEAN. Section 6 explores working modalities and working culture in ASEAN. Finally, section 7 presents both surveys' findings on the outlook for the future, looking ahead towards 2025. All sections are supported by qualitative data captured through the stakeholder interviews.

Excerpts from publication. Show less

This special issue showcases the activities of the the 2nd JILPT Tokyo Comparative Labor Policy Seminar held on 28-29 March 2018. Under the theme of 'Looking back at the policy responses to changes in employment structure and forms: the future as seen from here', the discussions sought to clarify how labor policy in various countries has responded so far to changes in the employment structure and forms. Comparing the responses to date in these countries, their shared problems could provide new knowledge or hints for future policy responses in each country. This issue carries 14 reports submitted by promising researchers from Asian countries and regions. They introduce their findings on the latest labor policy issues in each country and region addressing the theme of the seminar.

Along with a seminar outline on pages 120-121, the country reports are as follows: Japan's married stay-at-home mothers in poverty / Yanfei Zhou (pages 4-9); The dynamics of minimum wage in Indonesia's manpower system / Ikomatussuniah (pages 10-17); Wages policy in the current context of industrial relation in Vietnam / Phuong Hien Nguyen (pages 18-23); A brief analysis on the influence of ICT change on China's labor market / Xiaomeng Zhou (pages 24-33); Employment contract in Cambodia: a focus on rules transforming fixed-duration to undetermined duration contract / Kanharith Nop (pages 34-40); The policy responses to changes in employment structure and forms in Myanmar / Thatoe Nay Naing (pages 41-49); Are long working hours in Japan becoming invisible?: examining the effects of ICT-based 'spatial flexibility' on workloads / Tomohiro Takami (pages 50-65); Thailand policies for the age of rapid technology change / Praewa Manponsri (pages 66-70); Technological innovation and its challenges to Taiwan's employment law: telework as an example / Bo-Shone Fu (pages 71-76); Changes in employment structure in Malaysia: the way forward / Beatrice Fui Yee Lim (pages 77-84); Narrowing the gaps among workers: changes in Korea / Sukhwan Choi (pages 85-91); The destiny of Web platform workers in China: employees, nothing or a 'third option'? / Hui Yu (pages 92-100); Trade union strategy and responses to changes in employment structure and forms in India / Manoranjan Dhal (pages 101-108); A system 'on life support'?: the changing employment landscape and collective bargaining in Australia / Ingrid Landau (pages 109-119).

Edited excerpts from publication. Show less

The outbreak of the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has affected every facet of our lives. It had also an influence on the active networking in the East and Southeast Asian Cluster of the UNEVOC-Network, which was the norm in previous years. This instigated a search for ways to turn this into an opportunity to build the network using alternative means of communication. Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training (KRIVET) worked with the member states and the member institutions within the East and Southeast Asian Cluster in order to collect their best practices on the national technical and vocational education and training (TVET) policies responding to COVID-19. This collection presents eight cases from six countries (Republic of Korea, Philippines, Myanmar, Viet Nam, Cambodia and Malaysia). The topics covered range from the national TVET policies responding to the pandemic to open and digital learning, migrant female workers, and TVET strategies to deal with youth unemployment.

Edited excerpts from publication.

The contents are as follows: Malaysia: strategies for promoting distance and digital learning / Affero Ismai, Noor Azah Samsudin, Razali Hassan, Lokman Hafiz Asary, Marina Sukor (pages 1-24); The Philippines: assisting communities, developing skills, and supporting the country's economic recovery / Rosanna A. Urdaneta, Christian Andrei C. Aguilar (pages 25-42); Myanmar: digital adaptation in learning (e-learning) with the effectiveness of students' digital skills at government technical institute (Insein) / Ei Phyo Wai (pages 43-64); Myanmar: TVET for youth employment in Myanmar during the COVID-19 pandemic and after / Maw Maw Tun, Pyae Kyaw Thu (pages 65-94); Cambodia: online TVET for employment in Cambodia / Khat Promsopheaktra (pages 95-112); Viet Nam: open vocational education and training for migrant women workers / Nguyen Quang Viet, Hung Nguyen Quang (pages 113-138); Republic of Korea: efforts to build K-OER ecosystem for distance learning in the Republic of Korea's higher education and TVET areas / Hwansun Yoon (pages 139-156); Republic of Korea: apprenticeships in Korea: an innovative approach to youth employment and skills development / Hanbyul Lee, Dongjin Park (pages 157-180). Show less

The High Officials meeting on [Southeast Asia Technical and Vocational Education and Training] SEA-TVET aimed to strengthen the network of national Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) policymakers and practitioners in the South East Asian region, synergise efforts for [the Association of Southeast Asian Nations] ASEAN integration and prioritise areas of development and strategies for TVET, especially with respect to harmonisation and internationalisation. It was co-organised by the Office of the Vocational Education Commission (OVEC) Thailand, the South East Asian Ministers of Education Organisation (SEAMEO) and British Council, and was attended by high officials responsible for technical vocational education and training in eight countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines and Thailand. In addition, a total of 65 people from SEAMEO Associate Member countries, affiliate member and partner countries, organisations and institutions were invited to attend, along with more than 150 vocational education officials who attended the proceedings. This final report outlines the main discussions from the conference.

Abstract from publisher's website. Show less