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B20 Human Capital taskforce policy summary

The B20 is committed to making recommendations that support the creation of the right environment for the economy a ... Show more
The B20 is committed to making recommendations that support the creation of the right environment for the economy and business to grow. Investment in productive infrastructure and expansion of international trade supported by an effective financing regime are important to achieving the collective additional growth target of two per cent over five years set by the G20 Finance Ministers in February 2014. Without continued investment in working people, countries will be unable to fully realise the potential of trade and infrastructure investments or increase the quantity and quality of both the labour force and employment opportunities, which in turn drive continued productivity and sustainable economic growth. More than half of the gross domestic product (GDP) growth in OECD countries over the past decade is related to labour income growth among tertiary educated individuals. In France, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, those with a tertiary education account for 60 per cent or more of growth in GDP. Action must be taken to ensure people are appropriately skilled, and have the capability, flexibility and adaptability to participate in the workforce of today and the workforce of the future. Special consideration must be given to actions that motivate and assist the long term and youth unemployed and groups with low participation so the entire workforce can be engaged.
Business, government, educational institutions and community organisations all have a role to play in delivering practical, actionable and measureable solutions that: maximise the job creation potential of the private and public sector; build adaptable and resilient skill sets aligned with future workforce needs; improve alignment of people, skills, jobs and locations; and increase organisation and workforce adaptability and flexibility. Building on the work from previous B20 Summits, the B20 Human Capital taskforce proposes four core recommendations to meet these objectives: (1) Undertake structural reform to increase flexibility, adaptability and mobility within and across labour markets; (2) Establish a national innovation agenda and pipeline with supporting structural reforms; (3) Increase the level of alignment and responsiveness between the learning ecosystem and workforce needs; and (4) Remove barriers inhibiting entrepreneurs from starting and growing businesses. A fifth recommendation acknowledges the difficulty of consistent measurement and valuation of human capital actions, and proposes that the Employment Plans being developed by G20 nations form the ‘baseline’ from which progress and development can be measured. It also calls for greater accountability for G20 nations in delivering on their commitments. Finally, the Human Capital taskforce supports the work undertaken by the Anti-Corruption Working Group to fight corruption. Employers, both business and government, have an obligation to implement training and compliance programs that build capacity and recognise ethical behaviour within their workforce. Reference has been made to specific actions that can be taken to support this as part of recommendation five on measurement.
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Corporate authors: B20 Human Capital taskforce

Date: 2014

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia; Europe ... [+] Show more Britain">Great Britain; America">South America; America">North America; States">United States; East">Middle East; Arabia">Saudi Arabia; [-] Show less

Resource type: General publication

Subjects: Industry; Skills and knowledge; Workforce development ... [+] Show more
SDG-4: flexible learning pathways in higher education: from policy to practice: an international comparative analysis

Higher education systems across the world are currently faced with a massive influx of learners with more diverse n ... Show more
Higher education systems across the world are currently faced with a massive influx of learners with more diverse needs. They are expected to respond to this growing diversity through a more flexible learning offer and pathways that allow all learners, including those from disadvantaged groups, to access, progress through, and complete, higher education. To enhance knowledge on how to provide increased flexibility in higher education, [UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning] IIEP-UNESCO undertook an international research project on [Sustainable Development Goal 4] SDG-4: Planning for Flexible Learning Pathways (FLPs) in Higher Education. The project included a stocktaking of policies, instruments, and practices, an international survey among UNESCO Member States, and eight in-depth country studies on Chile, Finland, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Morocco, South Africa, and the UK. This book presents the findings from the research, including a cross-country analysis of available FLP policies and practices, and how they enhance equitable higher education systems. It also presents a series of country experiences with innovative approaches to alternative entry, flexible progression, and governance systems in support of FLPs.
Edited excerpts from publication.
The contents are as follows: Introduction: flexible learning pathways: a response to a changing higher education landscape / Michaela Martin and Uliana Furiv. Part 1, 'Concepts and cross-national perspectives on flexible learning pathways', contains the following chapters: Clarifying concepts and dimensions of flexible learning pathways / Michaela Martin and Uliana Furiv; International overview of policies and practices for flexible learning pathways / Michaela Martin, Uliana Furiv, and Ana Godonoga; Role of flexible learning pathways in the promotion of equity / Michaela Martin, Uliana Furiv, and Sophie Guillet; Developing governance in support of flexible learning pathways / Michaela Martin and Uliana Furiv. Part 2, 'Getting into higher education: flexible admission policies', contains: Open entry admission in Finland / Sirpa Moitus and Leasa Weimer; Recognition of prior learning in Malaysia / Mohamad Afzhan Khan, Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff, Morshidi Sirat, Wan Zuhainis Saad, and Khairul Salleh Mohamed Sahari.
Part 3, 'Getting through and out of higher education: flexible study modes and articulation', contains: Combining vocational and academic studies in Jamaica / Dawn Barrett-Adams and Carolyn Hayle; Establishing regulated bridges in Morocco / El Bachir Kouhlani and Mohammed Nabil Benchekroun; Distance education and open learning platforms in India / Garima Malik and Narayanan Annalakshmi. Part 4, 'Supporting flexible learning pathways through governance', contains: Balancing autonomy and market forces with regulation in England / John Brennan; Funding and quality assurance for flexible learning pathways in Chile / Anely Ramirez-Sanchez, Maria Jose Lemaitre, Christian Blanco, and Pablo Baeza; Creating a robust policy framework supporting flexible learning pathways in South Africa / Heidi Bolton and Liapeng Matsau. Conclusions: moving flexible learning pathways from policy to practice / Michaela Martin and Uliana Furiv. Show less

Authors: Martin, Michaela; Furiv, Uliana

Date: 2022

Geographic subjects: Finland; England; Great Britain ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Edited book

Subjects: Higher education; Pathways; Equity ... [+] Show more
Migrant support measures from an employment and skills perspective (MISMES): methodological note for the country studies

This methodological note has been developed within the project 'Migrant Support Measures from an Employment and Ski ... Show more
This methodological note has been developed within the project 'Migrant Support Measures from an Employment and Skills Perspective' (MISMES). It is part of a series of reports presenting the main findings of the MISMES project - namely, a worldwide inventory of migrant support measures implemented in sending countries to facilitate labour mobility and increase the developmental effect of migration, and five in-depth studies in the countries which concluded mobility partnerships with the European Union (EU): Armenia, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Morocco, and Tunisia. For the purpose of these reports, MISMES are defined as specific policy interventions - pre, during and post migration - aimed at improving the labour market integration of migrant workers or the matching of their skills. This methodological note aims to provide a common template and guidelines for the implementation of MISMES country case studies. The ultimate objective of these studies is to generate information not only to draw policy conclusions at national level, but also to allow for a systematic comparison of similar MISMES across countries.
Excerpts from publication. Show less

Authors: Martin, Ivan; Makaryan, Shushanik

Date: 2015

Geographic subjects: Africa; Morocco; Tunisia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Migrant support measures from an employment and skills perspective (MISMES)

Subjects: Migration; Employment; Skills and knowledge ... [+] Show more
Trends in adult learning and education in the Arab States: findings from the 4th Global Report on Adult Learning and Education

The UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL) prepares the Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE) ... Show more
The UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL) prepares the Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE) every three years in order to strengthen understanding of 'where we stand' as a global community, and to address the growing need for youth and adult education. The focus of GRALE 4 is on participation, inclusion and equity in adult learning and education. The present report draws on data from GRALE 4 [report available in VOCEDplus at TD/TNC 139.288], published in 2019, to provide a regional snapshot of the progress made in adult learning and education in the Arab States between 2015 and 2018. Drawing on information from 18 Arab countries, it allows for a comparative analysis both among Arab countries and with the rest of the world.
Arab countries reported significant progress in the participation of women in adult learning and education since 2015. However, ALE access to quality non-formal education with a lifelong perspective remains underdeveloped, in particular for disadvantaged groups. The report reveals that adult learning and education in the region is strongly focused on literacy, with less attention given to other areas of adult learning, such as continuing education and professional development, and citizenship education. This suggests that, while further progress is needed in achieving basic education for all, the other dimensions of adult learning need to be given adequate attention to ensure provision that is comprehensive and relevant to the diverse needs of adult and youth learners.
Edited excerpt from publication. Show less

Corporate authors: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL)

Date: 2020

Geographic subjects: Middle East; Africa; Arab countries ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Lifelong learning; Participation; Finance ... [+] Show more
Which occupations do jobseekers and firms look for?: evidence from three public employment services

This study proposes and applies a new methodology to analyse firms' and workers' occupational preferences. We use m ... Show more
This study proposes and applies a new methodology to analyse firms' and workers' occupational preferences. We use microdata covering all 2014-2018 vacancy and jobseeker registrations from the Public Employment Services of Belgium, Morocco, and South Korea. We find that a small number of occupations are responsible for a large share of registrations and may thus deserve particular attention. We also find considerable stability in occupation preferences (especially by jobseekers) but that the correlation between firms' and workers' preferences weakens over time. Finally, we find different responsiveness levels of jobseeker preferences to vacancy gaps. However, young jobseekers do not appear to respond more quickly to such gaps.
Published abstract. Show less

Authors: Martins, Pedro Silva

Date: 2021

Geographic subjects: Belgium; Morocco; Korea (South) ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: GLO discussion paper series

Subjects: Employment; Labour market; Outcomes
Moroccan youth and employment: gender differences

For young people in the southern Mediterranean, labour market entry is long and difficult. Empirical tests carried ... Show more
For young people in the southern Mediterranean, labour market entry is long and difficult. Empirical tests carried out in one Moroccan region show that informal employment largely predominates among young people. Even if a qualification does not protect them from unemployment, it is necessary for access to formal jobs. Experience in the labour market helps as well. Two major divisions emerge according to the length of studies and gender. The least educated have few occupational choices; when they have no experience, they are essentially relegated into jobs which are neither paid nor protected by labour legislation. For young women, the first obstacle to be overcome concerns entry into the labour force, which is strongly dependent on their local environment and family context but also their own aspirations. Acknowledging career success as a long-term objective encourages them to participate more frequently in the labour force. Once this is the case, however, they are considerably more vulnerable to unemployment. This study also permits a comparative review of concepts such as unemployment and [not in employment, education or training] NEET.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Authors: Mansuy, Michele; Werquin, Patrick

Date: 2018

Geographic subjects: Morocco; Africa

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Journal of education and work

Subjects: Youth; Employment; Labour market ... [+] Show more
The next normal: the changing workplace in Africa

For economies, enterprises and workers across Africa, the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pandemic has brought ... Show more
For economies, enterprises and workers across Africa, the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pandemic has brought about unprecedented changes to the workplace. Some of these changes have been immediate, such as disruptions to supply chains or lockdowns that forced enterprises to close. Other changes - and perhaps the more significant ones - are long-term, with the COVID-19 pandemic reshaping and accelerating existing trends in workplace change. At its core, the pandemic has fundamentally altered where and how people work, upending many long-standing norms and practices. Enterprises and workers have made many changes, often out of necessity, though they have regularly brought unexpected improvements in productivity or working conditions.
This report documents these changes and examines how enterprises from across Africa view and respond to them. It has been developed with support from the Bureau for Employers Activities of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the ILO Regional Office for Africa, in partnership with employer and business membership organizations (EBMOs) from across Africa. The research covers fifteen countries in Africa, and takes a mixed-methods approach. One component is a survey conducted from June to November 2021 covering 1,017 formal sector enterprises, most of whom are members of EBMOs. Collectively, they employ some 750,000 workers. This is complemented by a broad-based literature review and 126 key informant interviews, mostly with top management and human resources professionals from the private sector. In addition, we conducted five in-depth case studies with multinational enterprises, each having operations in at least five African countries. While these various sources of information do not cover all parts of every economy in Africa, they provide deep and broad insights about how workplaces at urban, formal enterprises in Africa are changing.
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Corporate authors: International Labour Office. Bureau for Employers' Activities (ACT/EMP)

Date: 2022

Geographic subjects: Africa; Cameroon; Comoros ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Employment; Labour market; Management ... [+] Show more
Union for the Mediterranean regional employability review: the challenge of youth employment in the Mediterranean

The two key constraints on employment in the Mediterranean partner countries (MPCs) are insufficient labour demand ... Show more
The two key constraints on employment in the Mediterranean partner countries (MPCs) are insufficient labour demand (in particular for qualified labour), i.e. a lack of job creation, and skills mismatches as a result of failures in the education system that have contributed to a low level of employability. This report focuses on the problems of employability, and more specifically on youth and female employment and employability. This is arguably one of the main social, economic and even political challenges that the MPCs will face over the next 10 years, particularly in view of their extremely young populations. There is no synthesised indicator of employability. The relevant variables for such an indicator would combine performance indicators (time spent searching for a job; quality of the job found in terms of wages, working conditions and match with skills) and process indicators (skills and qualifications, professional experience, training periods/actions). However, employability is defined here as 'the combination of factors which enable individuals to progress towards getting into employment, staying in employment and progressing during their career' (Cedefop, 2008). It is a complex concept and a transversal issue encompassing all initial education and knowledge, skills, experience and intercultural competences required to succeed in the labour market. It depends on many different factors: human capital and education and training, as well as socioeconomic and personal factors, macroeconomic perspectives and labour demand (employability is a context-bound concept), and the institutional determinants of the job search and matching process. All these factors will be analysed throughout the report.
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Authors: Martin, Ivan; Bardak, Ummuhan

Date: 2012

Geographic subjects: Europe; Albania; Algeria ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Youth; Employment; Gender ... [+] Show more
Transition report 2018-19: work in transition

The Transition Report 2018-19 analyses the impact on work of demographic change, automation and migration, both acr ... Show more
The Transition Report 2018-19 analyses the impact on work of demographic change, automation and migration, both across national borders and within countries. How should governments respond to urbanisation, an ageing workforce or rising numbers of young people entering the labour market? The report also looks at ways to minimise the emigration of workers from poorer countries and better integrate migrants in richer ones.
This annual analysis includes a macroeconomic overview of the EBRD regions and of structural reforms in the past year. The online Transition Report also features 37 country assessments.
Edited excerpts from publisher's website. Show less

Corporate authors: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)

Date: 2018

Geographic subjects: Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Employment; Labour market; Demographics ... [+] Show more
Education for employment: realizing Arab youth potential

[Education for Employment] E4E is education that leads to improved employment prospects. The need for E4E in the Ar ... Show more
[Education for Employment] E4E is education that leads to improved employment prospects. The need for E4E in the Arab World is urgent and large scale. This report, an International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group-Islamic Development Bank Group (IFC-IsDB) report based on the findings of a study done by McKinsey and Company, explores how private stakeholders can contribute to meeting this need and identifies what enabling environment would be required for these activities to flourish. Beyond data analysis, the researchers engaged in discussions with all key stakeholders, including public and private education providers, civil society, public sector policy makers and administrators, private employers, and the youth themselves in order to understand each of their perspectives. In total, more than 200 in-depth interviews and surveys of 1,500 employers and 1,500 young people were undertaken, focusing on a set of countries accounting for approximately 70 per cent of the Arab World’s population and 60 per cent of its [gross domestic product] GDP and representing the diversity in geography, income, and population found in the region - Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Palestinian Territories, and Yemen. The report highlights three main areas for private sector involvement: vocational education and training (VET), university education, and work readiness. While specific solutions may differ from country to country, the report’s findings and themes have proven to be relevant across the whole region.
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Authors: Kandri, Salah-Eddine; Bjarnason, Svava; Elsadig, Ahmed

Date: 2011

Geographic subjects: Middle East; Arab countries; Africa ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Youth; Employment; Research ... [+] Show more