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Making 'good' choices: the impact of entitlement models on up-skilling later in life

Understanding the responsiveness of 'older' workers - those aged 25-54 years - to government subsidies for up-skill... Show more
Understanding the responsiveness of 'older' workers - those aged 25-54 years - to government subsidies for up-skilling is important in developing policies that can support people in obtaining skills later in life. The particular focus for this report is the first round of Victorian demand-driven reforms, known as the Victorian Training Guarantee (VTG). The VTG reforms were introduced to create a more responsive training market and were implemented between July 2009 and January 2011. How enrolment and course choice responses differ, especially between employed and unemployed individuals, is a key focus of the report. Reforms introduced in Victoria post-2012 are not part of this analysis.
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Authors: Polidano, Cain; Ven, Justin van de; Voitchovsky, Sarah

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Victoria; Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Governance; Policy; Skills and knowledge ... [+] Show more
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Job loss by wage level: lessons from the Great Recession in Ireland

This paper explores the pattern of job loss in the Great Recession with a particular focus on its incidence by wage... Show more
This paper explores the pattern of job loss in the Great Recession with a particular focus on its incidence by wage level, using data for Ireland. Ireland experienced a particularly pronounced decline in employment with the onset of the recession, by international and historical standards, which makes it a valuable case study. Using [European Union statistics on income and living conditions] EU-SILC data, [the authors'] analysis identifies which employees were most affected. The results show that the probability of staying in employment, from one year to the next, is positively related to monthly wages both during the boom and in the bust. The gradient with wages, however, is much more marked in the bust, and remains significantly so even after controlling for a range of individual characteristics including part-time status, demographics, education, labour market history, industries or occupations.
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Authors: Nolan, Brian; Voitchovsky, Sarah

Date: 2015

Geographic subjects: Ireland; Europe

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Melbourne Institute working paper

Subjects: Employment; Finance; Economics ... [+] Show more
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The power of self-interest: effects of education and training entitlements in later-life

Education and training among the working-age population has become an increasingly important policy issue as workin... Show more
Education and training among the working-age population has become an increasingly important policy issue as working lives have lengthened and the pace of technological change has quickened. This paper describes the effects of a reform that replaced a supply-driven model, in which government selected the number and providers of publicly subsidised vocational education and training (VET), with a demand-driven approach that broadened access to adult training and gave working-age individuals greater freedom of VET course choice. Difference-in-differences analysis reveals that the large-scale reform, which was introduced in the Australian state of Victoria from 2009, substantively increased participation in VET among the population aged 25-54, and corresponded with an improved match between VET courses taken and objective ex ante measures of labour market demand. Indeed, the scheme was so popular that it resulted in a budget over-run by 2012 of $400 million (AUD, on a total budget of $1.3 billion).
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Authors: Polidano, Cain; Ven, Justin van de; Voitchovsky, Sarah

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Victoria; Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Melbourne Institute working paper

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Adult and community education; Participation ... [+] Show more
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Mature-age up-skilling entitlements: who responds and what course choices do they make?

The decline of Australian manufacturing, from employing one in four workers in the 1960s to one in 12 workers today... Show more
The decline of Australian manufacturing, from employing one in four workers in the 1960s to one in 12 workers today, is a stark example of the changing economic conditions that working Australians face. In this context, training undertaken throughout the working lifetime can be crucially important for developing and maintaining marketable skills. In contrast to the extensive literature that has explored education and training amongst younger people, however, training later in life has received relatively little attention. This distinction is important because young people at the beginning of their working lifetime are likely to face very different motivations toward training than older people with substantial work experience. This report, funded under the 2014 National Vocational Education and Training Research (NVETR) program, aims to improve the understanding of the responsiveness of mature-age workers, aged 25 and over, to government subsidies for up-skilling. A key focus is in measuring different enrolment and course choice responses, especially different responses between employed and unemployed individuals. Results from the analysis are important in identifying groups of individuals that may benefit from targeted support. This conference will be an important forum for [the authors] to present preliminary findings for discussion.
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Authors: Polidano, Cain; Ven, Justin van de; Voitchovsky, Sarah

Conference name: National Vocational Education and Training Research Conference

Date: 2015

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia; Victoria ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Conference paper

Subjects: Participation; Skills and knowledge; Teaching and learning ... [+] Show more
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Top incomes and the gender divide

In the recent research on top incomes, there has been little discussion of gender. How many of the top one and 10 p... Show more
In the recent research on top incomes, there has been little discussion of gender. How many of the top one and 10 per cent are women? A great deal is known about gender differentials in earnings, but how far does this carry over to the distribution of total incomes, bringing self-employment and capital income into the picture? [The authors] investigate the gender divide at the top of the income distribution using tax record data for a sample of eight countries with individual taxation. [The authors] show that women are under-represented at the top of the distribution. They account for between a fifth and a third of those in the top 10 per cent. Higher up the income distribution, the proportion is lower, with women constituting between 14 and 22 per cent of the top one per cent. The presence of women in the top income groups has generally increased over time, but the rise becomes smaller at the very top. As a result, the gradient with income has become more marked: the under-representation of women today increases more sharply.
Examination of the shape of the income distribution by fitting a Pareto distribution shows that at the end of the period women disappear faster than men as one moves up the income scale in all countries. In this sense, there appears to be something of a 'glass ceiling' for women. In the case of Canada, Denmark, Norway and New Zealand, there appears to have been a reversal over time, with the slope of the upper tail having been steeper for women in the past. In seeking to explain this, [the authors] highlight the role of income composition, where [they] show that there have been significant changes over time, underlining the fact that it is not sufficient to look only at earned income.
Published abstract. Show less

Authors: Atkinson, Anthony Barnes; Casarico, Alessandra; Voitchovsky, Sarah; Alvaredo, Facundo ... [+] Show more

Date: 2016

Geographic subjects: Australia; New Zealand; Oceania ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Melbourne Institute working paper

Subjects: Gender; Equity; Income ... [+] Show more
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When general skills are not enough: the influence of recent shifts in Australian skilled migration policy on migrant employment outcomes

Although many countries are now using skilled migration to offset declining fertility and increased longevity, ther... Show more
Although many countries are now using skilled migration to offset declining fertility and increased longevity, there is thin empirical evidence concerning the effects of alternative approaches to managing the skilled migrant intake. This study focusses on the effects on migrant labour market outcomes of Australia's recent shift from a points-based 'supply driven' model that favoured independent General Skilled Migrants, to a 'hybrid model' that balances supply driven migration against employer sponsored 'demand driven' migration. [The authors] find that the shift to a hybrid model of skilled migration resulted in substantively improved rates of employment amongst skilled migrants without an accompanying deterioration in the average distribution of occupational outcomes.
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Authors: Ven, Justin van de; Voitchovsky, Sarah; Buddelmeyer, Hielke

Date: 2014

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: Melbourne Institute working paper

Subjects: Migration; Policy; Labour market ... [+] Show more
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Skilled migrants and labour market integration: how important is the selection process?

Although many OECD countries use skilled migration to boost economic performance, there is surprisingly little dire... Show more
Although many OECD countries use skilled migration to boost economic performance, there is surprisingly little direct empirical evidence concerning what effects historical initiatives in this area have had. This study estimates the effects of Australia's recent shift toward a 'hybrid approach' for managing economic migration, which increased the requirements for (supply-driven) independent skilled migrants at the same time that (demand-driven) employer-sponsored migration was expanded. [The authors] find that this combination of policy adjustments substantively improved short-term employment outcomes amongst skilled migrants six months after taking up permanent residency.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Authors: Ven, Justin van de; Voitchovsky, Sarah

Date: 2015

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania

Resource type: Article

Journal title: IZA journal of migration

Subjects: Migration; Employment; Policy ... [+] Show more

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Making 'good' choices: the impact of entitlement models on up-skilling later in life

Job loss by wage level: lessons from the Great Recession in Ireland

The power of self-interest: effects of education and training entitlements in later-life

Mature-age up-skilling entitlements: who responds and what course choices do they make?

Top incomes and the gender divide

When general skills are not enough: the influence of recent shifts in Australian skilled migration policy on migrant employment outcomes

Skilled migrants and labour market integration: how important is the selection process?