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This paper investigates the returns to education in two Southern [European Union] EU countries, Portugal and Spain, both characterized by a relatively high self-employment rate. The impact of education on both wage earners and the self-employed is analyzed by using a comparable data set coming from the European Community household panel during the period 1994-2000. To correct for the ability bias and recover the education coefficients, an efficient generalized instrumental variable technique is applied. Results show that returns are different across the two countries as well as across the two employment statuses.

Comment by Jordahl, Poutvaara and Tuomala indexed at TD/TNC 97.897.

Published abstract reprinted from 'Economics of education review', copyright 2005, with permission from Elsevier. Show less

This is a response to [Jordahl, H., Poutvaara, P., & Tuomala, J. (2009). Comment on education returns of wage earners and self-employed workers. Economics of Education Review 28]. We acknowledge that econometrics have improved since the time our original paper was written, so that the choice of accurate instruments is now more deeply founded. However, in this note, we argue that the differences in the estimates obtained by Jordahl et al. (2009) has been generated not only because the ‘sensibility of [Hausman and Taylor] HT estimators to the choice of instrumental variables’, but also to the estimation methodology followed by them, in which rarely changing variables are considered to be time-varying.

Published abstract reprinted from ‘Economics of education review’, copyright 2009, with permission from Elsevier. Show less

The purpose of this article is to determine whether there is a relationship between the proportion of women working in an occupation and the prestige assigned to that occupation. Based on a representative sample of Spanish employees from the Spanish Quality of Working Life Survey, pooled-sample data (2007-2010) are used to show that occupations with larger shares of women present lower prestige, controlling for a set of objective individual and work-related variables, and self-assessed indicators of working conditions. However, the results obtained do not support the devaluation theory since an inverted-U relationship between female share and occupational prestige is observed. This conclusion holds even after passing a battery of robustness checks.

Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less