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The aim of this report is to present an analysis of training markets and the effects of market failure in Australia. A central concern is to assess whether the Training Reform Agenda (TRA) is the best policy framework to increase investment in training and thereby enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. A further concern is where and how market forces can be relied on to produce optimal outcomes. The report is broadly structured into three main themes: (1) The theory of training markets and the reasons they fail; (2) Empirical evidence on the quantity and quality of training in Australia in an international context; and (3) An assessment of the TRA. Suggested changes to reform agenda include: the scrapping of the Training Guarantee Levy (TGL); Rejuvenation of the competency based training concept; Choice of level of training accreditation, with the link to the Australian Standards Framework (ASF) optional; A genuine enterprise training stream, including streamlined recognition of enterprises as training providers; Divorce of training matters and industrial relations, save in the context of enterprise bargaining; and Removal of the complexity and layers of bureaucratic involvement in training and transfer of ownership to industry and enterprises.