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This publication explores adult literacy and numeracy, drawing on major insights from a wide body of recent research commissioned by the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER) and funded by the Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST). It is suggested that while approaches differ from country to country, there is an increasing focus internationally on adult literacy and numeracy as a foundational requirement of economic development and social cohesion. So while adult language and literacy policy is placing increased emphasis on the requirements of individuals, particularly of workers in a changing work environment, it also needs to take account of the social context in which various literacies are practised. This study considers Australia's place in the international arena, briefly comparing the approach of most OECD countries, which have appointed national agencies to promote literacy strategies and programs and to operate community-oriented programs alongside workforce programs, with Australia's approach, which gives a greater emphasis to integrating language and literacy training with training in specialist vocational skills. This includes mapping adult literacy and numeracy skills into vocational education and training (VET) standards and national qualification frameworks. As well, while it is pointed out that due to its federal system Australia does not have a national policy or strategy, Australia's approach of integrating literacy with VET, which brings with it the added benefits of recognition and quality assurance, is praised.