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This paper provides a bridging analysis that links the more specific contributions to the theme 'combining formal and non-formal learning' that focus on information and communication technology (ICT) related occupations and on the ICT sector, to more general challenges on the development of VET systems. Firstly, the paper explores the options for 'professionalisation' and 'flexibilisation' that are provided by some recent models for ICT related vocational and professional education. Special attention is given on the different views regarding the combination of formal and non-formal learning. Secondly, the paper discusses the respective options of 'professionalisation' and 'flexibilisation' as guiding principles for the training of VET professionals. In this context special attention will be given on the relevance of the innovations with ICT related vocational and professional training models to the future development of new VET professionals. The paper concludes with proposals for future European research cooperation and with identification of critical problem areas.