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This European Training Foundation (ETF) study of the Ukrainian vocational education and training (VET) system outlines the socioeconomic situation and labour market trends, describes the system and recent developments associated with it and analyses various aspects of the system including: recent reform efforts; specialisations and curricula in initial VET; continuing vocational training policy and programs; vocational teachers and instructors at vocational schools; VET planning, management and finance; and the legal framework governing VET. Although the education system in Ukraine has produced outstanding results including high literacy and a substantial core of skilled workers, after years of neglect, the VET system is unable to maintain previous quality levels. The government recently began an education reform process that includes redefined underlying education principles and priorities for the whole sector. The Parliament has made a resolution on VET and the Cabinet of Ministers (COM) is reviewing a draft law amending the legal framework for VET. The Ministry of Education and Science (MOES) has, with the support of the ETF, undertaken the development of a new concept of VET, which will provide the foundation for future reforms. This ETF study confirms that the VET system is unable to sufficiently meet the needs of an emerging labour market. It suggests that successful reform of the VET system relies on a new understanding of VET and its role in Ukrainian society. This concept will guide the reform process forward both in terms of system-wide and system-deep reform initiatives. In light of this, this study makes recommendations under three main headings: (1) VET quality; (2) VET governance, planning and finance; and (3) the relevance of VET in terms of its initial curriculum, continuing vocational training, and training facilities.