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The focus of this chapter is on the dual system of apprenticeship in Germany. It argues that the broad consensus among the relevant stakeholders on the underlying principles of the dual system is the main reason for its prolonged success. However, there are signs that the dual system is at risk and the need to modernise it and make it more flexible is widely acknowledged among researchers and educators. The chapter begins by outlining the current debate on the dual system. The advantages of the system are then outlined against the background of its underlying principles. Examples of reform initiatives are included and the reasons for their limited success are explained. Finally, the concept of 'areas of learning' is discussed. This concept is seen as being more promising in achieving reform as it initiates the modernisation processes at a number of levels while acknowledging the underlying principles of duality.