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The French system of alternance vocational training is a pedagogical approach based on on-the-job learning. It involves young people between the ages of 16 and 25 for a total training period of two years. A quarter of this time is spent in a training centre and the rest in the workplace. The objective is for the apprentices to acquire knowledge and know-how relevant to their chosen occupation. In this chapter, the authors introduce a methodology for identifying knowledge and processes that come out of on-the-job interactions between master craftsman/apprentice pairs in alternance training. The aim is to analyse processes of training that lead to the acquisition of professional skills and identities within the alternance vocational training framework.