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An emerging theory of an independent workforce presents profound implications for human resource development (HRD). The theory contends that advancements in technology, coupled with the globalisation of industrial and commercial activity, are empowering a highly educated, independent workforce, significantly altering the relationship between management and labour. Corollaries to the theory suggest that the pacesetting knowledge workers will also create a path for other labour categories, extending the reach of self-directed employment beyond the boundaries defined by knowledge work. An independent workforce will impact on the practice of organisation development as well as personnel training and development.