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This report is an initial activity of a three year Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) program entitled 'Definition and selection of competencies: theoretical and conceptual foundations' (DeSeCo), which has been launched by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (SFSO) with the support of the United Stated National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Its purpose is to explore and clarify what DeSeCo can learn from previous projects related to competencies, providing a broad overview of the projects and attempting to identify their theoretical and conceptual influences. The analysis includes the explicit scientific theories as well as the cultural and normative assumptions embedded in the projects. The report concludes with a brief discussion of ongoing projects.