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This chapter examines the linkage between educational qualifications and social position of first job and current employment status in Italy from the mid 1950s to the mid 1980s. It is suggested that the work outcomes of individuals are never, in any society, determined solely by intellectual ability and/or professional skill. Even in post-industrial societies, with their high rates of social mobility and educational enrolment, social origin and gender still condition the occupational position both directly, by way of occupational inheritance and the gender segmentation of the labour market, and indirectly by differentiating among educational opportunities.