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In this chapter the authors develop a new technique to estimate income growth for 'survivors', those in the labour force for the entire time period under observation, and use it to show that the education differential for survivors probably widened at the same time that it narrowed for the entire population. The authors estimate mobility using a method based on transition matrices and the separation of new entrants into the labour market from survivors who remain in the labour force over the entire period under investigation (1970-1980). The authors emphasise that the separation is important in understanding why inequality has widened despite increasing access to education in Brazil. Among the results, the better educated had higher mobility, regardless of the growth in their region of residence, underlining the greater vulnerability of the poor and less educated. The authors draw several conclusions from this study finding that the estimation process works effectively and provides good estimates of mobility in most cases. Second, the separation of new entrants from survivors appeared to be important to understanding what happened to education differentials. Finally, the authors found little evidence of a positive interaction between growth, education and upward mobility. Instead the better educated tended to have high mobility regardless of the region in which they were located.