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This publication reports on a project, funded by the National Research and Evaluating Committee (NREC) through the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER), whose purpose was to investigate the contribution that competency based training (CBT) has made to outcomes in vocational education and training (VET). The study sought to capture a broad range of contributions that CBT has made to VET by using multiple and different evaluative criteria, including an academic literature search, a national investigative telephone survey of training managers or equivalent personnel in 195 companies across regional and metropolitan Australia, and eight intensive case studies of national competency based VET programs undertaken in companies in different industry sectors throughout Australia. Four key defining features of CBT were identified: specified training and assessment outcomes; industry involvement in defining these outcomes; competency standards as the expression of these outcomes; and training programs based on industry competency standards. These features provided the basis on which the contribution made by CBT to VET was appraised.