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In 1990 Australian Federal and State Ministers responsible for vocational education and training (VET) established a framework for the implementation of competency-based training (CBT) in Australia, setting a target of substantial implementation by the end of 1993. Charles Sturt University's Group for Research in Employment and Training was commissioned by the Department of Employment, Education and Training (DEET) to assess the penetration of CBT in TAFE and non-TAFE settings in 1994. This paper gives an overview of the results of that assessment. It was found that the implementation was slower than anticipated, particularly in the TAFE sector, but the data also suggested that CBT was becoming more common and the gap between TAFE and non-TAFE providers was closing. It was discovered that considerable disagreement about what constituted CBT practice existed among providers. To describe the implementation of CBT, an updated model of essential and associated elements of CBT is proposed.