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This paper analyses and explains the basic characteristics of the school-to-work transition and the decline of vocational education learning in secondary education in Japan. The purpose of the paper is to discuss how classroom learning can be converted into work competence using Japan's experiences as an illustration of what can be achieved. The development of secondary education in post-war Japan is described. The process and key factors of a smooth transition from school to work are analysed. The relevance of both general education and vocational education to work competence is discussed. The main problems of the trade-off are identified and discussed.