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It was at the European Council's Copenhagen Summit in 1993 that the first clear intentions of the European Union (EU) were mapped out regarding the associated countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs). It was agreed that any CEEC that so desired would become a member of the EU as soon as they were able to assume the obligations of membership. One step in furthering the work is to enable the countries involved to focus more on preparing for their full participation in the EU itself, including the increasingly important area of education and training policies. It is for this reason that the pre-accession strategies being put into place by each country include the human resource dimension, with particular emphasis on taking part in the EU programmes which are developing and taking forward these policies - Leonardo da Vinci (vocational training), Socrates (education) and Youth for Europe (youth policy).